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Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Where are endothelial cells found and what happens to them during inflammation?

A

Line blood vessel walls

Become sticky during inflammation

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2
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

collagen

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3
Q

Give an example of acute inflammation

A

Appendicitis

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4
Q

Give an example of chronic inflammation

A

TB

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5
Q

Which cell type are absent in chronic inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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6
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Chemical mediators of inflammation

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7
Q

What is healing by first intention?

A

Suture will fix wound, bringing edges together. Will regrow with collagen fibres.

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8
Q

What is healing by second intention?

A

Skin edges cannot be brought together, therefore skin graft may be required.

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9
Q

What is brain gliosis?

A

Repaired brain tissue, a form of fibrosis.

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10
Q

Which tissues are able to regenerate? (5)

A

Osteocytes, skin/gut epithelium, blood cells, pneumocytes, hepatocytes.

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11
Q

Are nerves able to regenerate?

A

Only peripheral nerves are able to regenerate

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12
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Cells aren’t flowing in the centre of the vessel

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13
Q

How is fibrin produced?

A

From activation of fibrinogen by platelets

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14
Q

Describe the process of thrombus formation from endothelial injury

A

Endothelial injury-collagen exposes-platelets attach- platelet aggregation occurs-RBC and fibrinogen attach-fibrin forms-thrombus

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15
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A solid mass of blood constituents formed within an intact vascular system during life

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16
Q

Changes in which three factors will result in a thrombus?

A

Change in vessel wall
Change in blood flow
Change in blood constituents

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17
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Mass of material in vascular system that lodges within a vessel wall to block it

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18
Q

What is ischeamia?

A

A reduction in blood flow and limit of oxygen

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19
Q

What is the difference between ischaemia and infarction?

A

Infarction is cell death due to ischaemia, ischaemia is reduced blood flow

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20
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary and bronchial

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21
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies of the liver?

A

Hepatic artery and portal vein

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22
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A circular mass of macrophages in inflammation

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23
Q

What are risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Cigarettes, high BP, diabetes, age, hyperlipidaemia

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24
Q

What makes up a plaque in atherosclerosis?

A

Fibrous tissue, cholesterol, lymphocytes

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25
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
26
What is necrosis?
Multiple cell death often caused by infarction
27
What type of cells will undergo apoptosis?
DNA damage, fully differentiated cells (e.g. top skin layer)
28
Give an example of diseases with too much and too little apoptosis
Too much- HIV (lymphocytes) | Too little- Cancer
29
What chromosomal abnormality causes Down’s syndrome?
Trisomy 21
30
Define Hypertrophy
Increased size of tissue due to increased SIZE of cells
31
Define Hyperplasia
Increased size of tissue due to increased NUMBER of cells
32
What type of growth disorder is benign enlargement of prostate?
Hyperplasia
33
What is atrophy?
Loss of tissue or cell shrinking
34
Define metaplasia
Change in cell type, differentiation from one to another
35
What is a common cause of metaplasia?
Smokers bronchi can metaplase from ciliated to squamous
36
Define displasia
Changes to cells becoming cancerous
37
What is progeria?
Accelerated ageing
38
What is dermal elastosis?
Loss in skin elasticity
39
What is sarcopenia?
Loss in muscle tone
40
what is angiogenesis in relation to cancer?
growth of new blood vessels for tumour cell supply
41
which cancer types commonly metastase to bone? (5)
prostate, lung, breast, kidney, thyroid
42
which cancer types commonly metastase to liver? (3)
pancreas, stomach, colorectal
43
what type of tumour is chemotherapy a good treatment for?
fast dividing tumours
44
where are commensal bacteria commonly found?
colon
45
what are opportunistic bacteria?
bacteria causing disease when host is compromised
46
what is virulence?
pathogenicity of organism
47
which areas of the body are sterile?
blood, CSF, kidneys, bladder, gallbladder, lungs, eyes
48
when using gram stain, which colours do gram positive and gram negative bacteria stain?
positive- purple | negative- pink
49
what shape are coccus bacterium?
spherical
50
what shape are bascillus bacterium?
rod
51
what is a diplococci bacterium?
paired bacteria
52
what shape is vibrio bacterium?
bent rod shaped
53
what shape is spirochaete bacterium?
spiral
54
what are endotoxins?
components of gram negative bacterial cell wall
55
what are exotoxins?
toxin secreted by bacteria into surroundings (both gram positive and negative)
56
what is atopy?
tendency to develop allergy
57
what is an allergy?
abnormal reaction to harmless foreign material
58
what is an intolerance?
no involvement of the immune system, adverse effects in response to food or drug
59
what levels are normal for IgE in the blood of a healthy individual and why?
negligible due to short half life of 2 days
60
where are high affinity IgE receptors commonly found?
mast cells, eosinophils, basophils
61
where are mast cells produced?
bone marrow
62
what do mast cells contain?
granules: histamine, proteases, proteoglycans, chemotactic factors
63
which protein is required for mast cell production?
c-kit protein
64
what activates mast cells?
allergens | sometimes: enterobacteria phagocytosis, antigens of bacteria
65
what shape are mycobacterium?
rod
66
which illnesses are caused by mycobacterium?
leprosy, TB
67
what is unusual about mycobacterium and macrophages?
they survive digestion of macrophages
68
what are the characteristics of mycobacterium?
aerobic, non motile, bacillus, thick waxy coat, non spore forming, weakly gram positive, slow growing
69
what is acid fast?
a characteristic of mycobacterium (and others) due to high lipid content, meaning they resist usual staining methods, useful to stain for acid fastness as very few organisms will be positive
70
what component of mycobacterium causes their acid-fastness?
mycolic acid of cell walls (high lipid content)
71
what forms due to the balance between mycobacterium and macrophages?
granuloma, a wall forms to starve mycobacterium causing metabolic shut down
72
what is the drawback of granuloma formation in presence of mycobacterium?
granuloma starves mycobacterium causing metabolic shut down, but mycobacterium can survive for years like this and then restart when granuloma eventually fails
73
what are characteristics of tuberculoid leprosy?
granuloma nerve damage tissue damage
74
what are characteristics of lepromatus leprosy?
extensive skin lesions | poorly formed granuloma
75
How is hepatitis A transmitted?
faecal/orally
76
how is hepatitis B transmitted?
sexually/blood
77
what does chronic hepatitis B/C commonly lead to?
liver cancer
78
which virus commonly causes cervical cancer?
HPV- human papilloma virus
79
which latent virus leads to shingles?
herpes
80
what are characteristics of viruses?
grow only in host cell no cell wall possess only DNA or RNA
81
which cells and receptors does HIV target?
CD4 cells of T cells
82
how does rotavirus cause diarrhoea?
atrophy of villi in gut epithelium, absorption impaired, osmolality increased
83
how does HPV increase risk of cervical cancer?
causes switching on of specific proteins which repress cell death-- excessive growth
84
how does Hep B increase risk of liver cancer?
lots of cell proliferation in response to cell death
85
what is invasiveness in relation to microorganisms?
ability to penetrate mucosal surfaces
86
what is microbiome?
totality of microorganisms in an environment
87
what is a biofilm?
layer of one or more types of microorganisms forming a colony over a surface
88
what is an example of biofilm in the human body?
dental plaque
89
what makes biofilms difficult to remove?
sharing of resistant properties between organsims, not necessarily homogeneous
90
which immunoglobulin responds to worms?
IgE
91
what is myalgia?
widespread muscular pain
92
what are the common symptoms of malaria?
fever, myalgia, tachycardia, abdo discomfort, dehydration/ dark urine RECENT TRAVEL + FEVER
93
which categories of antibiotics work on cell wall?
beta lactams, glycopeptans
94
what type of antibiotic are penicillins?
beta lactams
95
how do bacteriostatic antibiotics work?
prevent bacterial growth by inhibiting: protein synthesis DNA replication metabolism
96
how do bacteriacidal antibiotics work?
kill bacteria by removal of cell wall
97
What is MIC in relation to antibiotics?
minimum inhibitory conc | minimum conc of antibiotic required to stop microbial growth
98
what are the 3 types of horizontal transfer in bacteria?
conjugation, transduction, transformation
99
how does conjugation in bacteria work?
sex pillus forms and plasmid is transferred between bacterium
100
how does transduction in bacteria work?
virus affecting bacteria transfers genes from one bacteria to another
101
how does transformation in bacteria work?
taking up free floating DNA from another bacterium and integrating into genome
102
which class of antibiotics is MRSA resistant to?
beta lactams
103
what is a retrovirus?
a virus containing RNA that becomes DNA once within host cell using reverse transcriptase enzyme
104
what is the process of retroviral invasion into host cell (8 steps)
1. ATTACHMENT to receptors on host cell 2. ENTRY into host cell 3. UNCOATING of virus 4. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE makes RNA into DNA 5. DNA is INTEGRATED into host cell DNA 6. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs forming viral proteins too 7. ASSEMBLY of new virons occurs 8. BUDDING of new virons from host
105
which cells are the first to be infected by HIV?
macrophages
106
what is the term for someone living with HIV for a while without AIDS developing?
long-term non-progressors
107
why do antiretroviral drugs struggle to eradicate HIV completely?
they only target replicating cells so a dormant population remain
108
what are clinical presentations of HIV?
lymphadenopathy, flu like symptoms, persistent infections e.g. shingles
109
how is AIDS identified?
CD4<200 or 'aids defining illness'

Phase2A (8 decks)

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