Endocrine

Question 1

Does the pancreas have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What is meant by exocrine?

Answer 2

Glands which decrease their products through a duct opening onto a epithelium rather then into the blood.

Eg. Pancreas releases into the gut

Question 3

what do each part of the hypothalamus control?

Answer 3

Anterior: thermoregulation

Middle (tuberal): controls BP HR, how you are feeling

Posterior: memory, learning, arousal, sleep, shivering

Question 4

where does Oxytocin come from?

Answer 4

Secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Made by the hypothalamus

Question 5

Follicle stimulating hormone

Where is it released?
what effect does it have?

Answer 5

Released by pituitary gland

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary

In men stimulates Sertoli cells to start sperm production

Question 6

what role does Oestrogen play in men?

Answer 6

Plays role in male sexual function

Question 7

Anti diuretic hormone

Where is it made?
where is it stored?
What does it do?

Answer 7

ADH

Made by hypothalamus

Stored in posterior pituitary gland

Tell kidneys how much water to conserve

Question 8

Main function of thyroid hormones

Answer 8

Increase that basal metabolic rate, affect protien synthesis and regulate long bone growth

Question 9

Glands of the endocrine system

Answer 9

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal Gland (epiphysis)
Thyroid + Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Ovaries
Testes

Question 10

Hormones may be classified broadly into two classes, which are?

Answer 10

water soluble (hydrophilic) such as amine, peptide, and protein hormones

lipid soluble (hydrophobic) steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.

Question 11

Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones?

Answer 11

inside the nucleus of the target cell.

Question 12

Where do Hormone-receptor complex bind to, and what effect do they have?

Answer 12

promoter regions of the responsive gene to either simulate or inhibit the gene

Question 13

What effect do steroid hormones have on cells?

Answer 13

modulate gene expression of a cell by affecting transcription

Question 14

How do Protein and peptide hormones target the cell, and what effect does this have?

Answer 14

They have receptors on the plasma membrane, that when bind to a hormone it releases a second messenger into the cells to alter the physiologic state of the cell.

Signal transduction

Question 15

Hormones released by Hypothalamus

Answer 15

Neoropeptide
Growth hormone
Releasing hormones- Thyrotropic

Question 16

Hormones released by Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 16

Thyriod stimulating TSH
Adrenocorticotropic ACTH
Growth hormone
Follicle Stimulating
Luteinizing
Prolactin
Melancyte stimulation MSH

Question 17

Hormones released by Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

antidiuretic ADH

Oxytocin

Question 18

Hormones released by Thyroid Gland

Answer 18

Thyroxine
Calcitonin
Parathyriod

Question 19

Hormones released by Pancreas

Answer 19

Insulin
Glucagon
somatostain
Polpeptide

Question 20

Hormones released by Adrenal Glands

Answer 20

Adrenaline
Cortisol
Neurodrenaline
Aldosterone

Question 21

Hormones released by Ovaries

Answer 21

Oestrogen

Question 22

Hormones released by Testes

Answer 22

Testosterone

Question 23

Hormones released by Kidney

Answer 23

Erythropoietin

Rennin

Question 24

Hormones released by Stomach

Answer 24

Gastrin

Question 25

Hormones released by Duodenum

Answer 25

Cholecystokinin | secretin

Question 26

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 26

works as the processing centre in order for the body to achieve homeostasis. Processes internal stimuli and signals the appropriate response. Most of these responses are carried out by the neuroendercrine or endocrine systems via the Hypothalamic pituitary axis.

Question 27

What does the Hypothalamic pituitary axis do?

Answer 27

hypothalamic-pituitary axis directly affects the functions of the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, and the gonads, as well as influencing growth, milk production, and water balance

Question 28

Hypothalamic releasing hormones:

Answer 28

Growth hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, lutienizing hormone, Prolactin

Question 29

Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones:

Answer 29

oxytocin, Antiduretic hormone

Question 30

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 30

Method of hormones being transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 31

Structure of the pituitary gland

Answer 31

Anterior and posterior

Question 32

what does the pituitary gland do?

Answer 32

releases hormones that regulate things such as metabolism, growth, sexual development and reproduction. this is done by direct effect or by regulating hormones from other endocrine organs.

Question 33

hypothalamic pituitary endocrine axis

Answer 33

the cascade of hormones from the hypothalumus - to the anterior pituitary gland, and to another target gland

Question 34

Give three examples of endocrine glands controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine axis:

Answer 34

thyroid gland, ovaries, adrenal gland

Question 35

Why is negative feedback important in physiological function?

Answer 35

Ensures that processes are brought back to normal whenever they start to become too extreme.

Question 36

Flow of negative feedback for insulin:

Answer 36

high blood sugar – insulin released from pancreas – insulin makes skeletal and fat cells in body take in sugar faster - blood sugar goes down. Acts on receptors on liver increases the store of sugar in the liver as glucagon

Question 37

Flow for negative feedback for Glycogen:

Answer 37

Low blood sugar – Pancreases releases Glucagon – blood sugar increase by releasing - glucose from the liver.

Question 38

what are Endocrinopathies?

Answer 38

diseases involving an endocrine gland, that decreases the quality or quantity of the gland's secretion or response to a hormone

Question 39

What hormones causes Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 39

Insulin

Question 40

Effects of Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 40

Insulin too low - hypoglycemia Typical symptoms include: feeling very thirsty passing urine more often than usual, particularly at night

Question 41

What hormones causes Type 2 diabetes

Answer 41

Insulin

Question 42

Effects of type 2 Diabetes

Answer 42

Insulin resistant

Question 43

what hormone causes Acromegaly

Answer 43

Growth hormone

Question 44

What are the effects of Acromegaly

Answer 44

after adolescents the bones continue to grow, including face, hands and feet.

Question 45

What hormones causes Gigantism, and what is it?

Answer 45

Somatotropin growth hormone, abnormal growth in children

Question 46

what hormones causes Addison’s disease (AKA Primary adrenal insufficiency)

Answer 46

cortisol, aldosterone and adrenaline

Question 47

What are the effects of Addison’s disease (AKA Primary adrenal insufficiency)?

Answer 47

too low BP, which isn't controlled. ``` early signs are similar to flu. Low mood fatigue dizziness thirst ```

Question 48

what hormones cause Cushings syndrome and what is it?

Answer 48

Cortisol ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone metabolic disorder caused by overproduction of corticosteroid hormones by the adrenal cortex and often involving obesity and high blood pressure.

Question 49

What is Cortisol?

Answer 49

Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Cortisol also helps. maintain blood pressure. regulate blood glucose, also called blood sugar.

Question 50

what hormone causes hypothyroidism? and the effcts?

Answer 50

``` thyroxine- levels are Too low – symptoms- low pulse tiredness weight gain depression being sensitive to the cold dry skin and hair muscle aches ```

Question 51

what hormone causes hyperthyroidism? and the effcts?

Answer 51

``` Thyroxine levels are too high symptoms - weight loss, despite an increased appetite, palpitations / rapid pulse sweating and heat intolerance tiredness and weak muscles ```