Endocrine

Question 0

What are the main glands?

Answer 0

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal Gland

Question 1

General functions of the endocrine system!

Answer 1

Homeostasis
Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction

Question 2

How do you change the target cell sensitivity?

Answer 2

Change the amount of surface receptors

Question 3

Describe water soluble hormones

Answer 3

Peptide hormones
Catecholamines
2nd messenger
Quick
Dissolved in blood (Bar GH)

Question 4

Describe lipid soluble hormones

Answer 4

Steroid made on demand
Thyroid Hormone stored
Alter gene transcription
Cytoplasmic/nucleus receptors
Carrier proteins
Slow acting

Question 5

What are the names of the two main hypothalamic nuclei?

Answer 5

Supra optic and para ventricular

Question 6

What is another name for the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Answer 6

Adeno and neuro hypophysis

Question 7

How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled?

Answer 7

Blood vessel control

Hypothalamus releases inhibiting or releasing hormones

Question 8

How is the posterior pituitary gland controlled?

Answer 8

Hormones made in neuron soma travel to synapse where they await release.

Question 9

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

Answer 9

ADH - kidneys absorb water via aquaporin production
Oxytocin - uterine contraction in childbirth
- milk release during breastfeeding

Question 10

Are pituitary hormones water or lipid soluble?

Answer 10

Water soluble

Question 11

What is the pathway for milk synthesis and breast development?

Answer 11

PIH (Dopamine) inhibits prolactin

Prolactin stimulates PIH

Question 12

What’s the hormonal pathway for growth hormone?

Answer 12

SS inhibits GH
GHRH stimulates GH
GH increases protein synthesis, blood glucose, fat breakdown
The liver is stimulated to produce IGF-1 which encourages tissue growth via cell division.
IGF-1 stimulates SS and inhibits GHRH

Question 13

What are the affects of insulin and where is it produced?

Answer 13

Beta cells produce, increases muscle (glycogen and protein synthesis) and fat uptake of glucose
Liver uptakes glucose and stores as glycogen and fat.

Question 14

Function and origin of glucagon?

Answer 14

Alpha cells, liver cells break down glycogen to glucose and ketones

Question 15

What hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex?

Answer 15

Cortisol

Question 16

What hormone is produced in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 16

Adrenalin

Question 17

What is the control pathway of cortisol?

Answer 17

Corticotropin releasing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Cortisol

Question 18

What are the effects of cortisol?

Answer 18

Muscle breakdown, fat breakdown
Less glucose uptake
Liver breaks down glycogen
Inhibits immune system

Question 19

What are the effects of adrenalin?

Answer 19

Glycogen to glucose

Fat to fatty acids

Question 20

What is the activation pathway for thyroid hormone?

Answer 20

Thyroid releasing hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid hormone

Question 21

What cells produce thyroid hormone?

Answer 21

Follicular cells

Question 22

What is the active and inactive form of thyroid hormone?

Answer 22

T3 is active, less is produced

T4 is not active, more is produced

Question 23

What are the effects of thyroid hormone?

Answer 23

Metabolism rate
Fat and glucose breakdown
Growth

Question 24

Where is calcitonin produced?

Answer 24

C cells/para follicular cells

Question 25

What type of hormone is thyroid hormone?

Answer 25

Lipid soluble

Question 26

What are the effects of calcitonin?

Answer 26

Less bone breakdown | Lowered calcium levels

Question 27

What are the basal conditions?

Answer 27

``` Awake Physical and mental rest Lying down No muscle movement Comfortable temperature Has fasted for 12 to 18 hours ```

Question 28

What are the effects of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 28

Kidneys absorb more calcium, vitamin D causes uptake in gut | Bone is broken down

Question 29

What is the condition of too much GH?

Answer 29

Gigantism | Acromegaly - tissue thickening in face/limbs

Question 30

What is the condition of too little GH?

Answer 30

Dwarfism

Question 31

What is the condition of no insulin?

Answer 31

Diabetes Either no Beta cells Or poor insulin reception

Question 32

What is the condition of too much cortisol?

Answer 32

Cushing's syndrome | Weight gain high BG, high BP

Question 33

Whatnots the condition of too little cortisol?

Answer 33

Addison's disease Low cortisol increases ACTH, leading to melanin production Low BP, weight loss, low blood glucose

Question 34

What is the disease of too much thyroid hormone?

Answer 34

``` Graves' disease High metabolic rate Weight loss Heat intolerant Nervousness Increased HR ```

Question 35

What is the condition of too little thyroid hormone?

Answer 35

``` Myxedema and cretinism Low metabolic rate Weight gain Cold intolerant Lethargic Growth retarded Slow heart rate ```

Question 36

What results from low iodine levels?

Answer 36

Goitre