Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HUBS 191 > Immune > Flashcards

Immune Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

What are the three main benefits of the body as a habitat for potential pathogens?

A

Nutrient source
Good setting for growth and reproduction
A good vector for transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Name some potentially harmful organisms.

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the physical barriers of the body?

A

Skin - sheds old cells and bacteria

Dendritic (langerhan’s) cells present antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main chemical defences of the body?

A 
Anti microbial peptides
Lysozyme
Sebum
Salt
Tears contain lysosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are anti microbial peptides found, and what is their role?

A

In sweat, they interrupt cell growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are lysosomes found and what is their role?

A

Found in sweat and tears, breaks down cell walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of salt on the skin?

A

Creates an osmotic gradient for bacteria, drawing water out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are mucosal membranes found?

A

Ocular, respiratory, oral and urogenital tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Briefly describe the muco-ciliary escalator

A

Goblet cells produce mucous, which traps microbes and duct, cilia beat in time and move mucous up the throat where it can then be swallowed or removed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of micro flora?

A

They are better adapted to our bodies than bacteria and so they out compete them. Help us develop immunity and produce anti microbial peptides. They can cause opportunistic infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the features of the GI tract which protect against infection?

A

Low pH, toxic bile from gall bladder, digestive enzymes, mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What features of the urogenital tract helps prevent infection?

A

The osmotic gradient
Urine flow
Low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do TLR’s distinguish between?

A

Self, harmless non self and harmful non self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do TLR’s work, where are they found and give an example?

A

They recognise structures unique to microbes, are found on membranes of our immune system cells and an example is TLR - 5 which recognises flagellin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What effects does TLR activation have?

A

Activation of the immune system, release of anti microbial peptides, and inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is found in blood plasma?

A

Compliment proteins and antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are WBC’s produced?

A

In the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name for any blood cell which is not a lymphocyte?

A

Myeloid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Highly phagocytic
Most abundant leukocyte at 40 - 75%
Have a half life of 1-2 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

1-6% of WBS’s
Phagocytic and releases toxic granules
Mediates allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Low number in blood 0.5% total WBC’s
No phagocytosis
Mediates allergic reactions and fights worm infection via granule release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Line mucosal surfaces

Release granules which attract white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the monocyte to macrophage transformation.

A

Monocytes have low phagocytic abilities. They then develop into macrophages which have high phagocytic abilities. They can either become sessile or migratory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Describe dendritic cells.
Present in blood and all tissues in contact with the environment. They are phagocytic and good APC's, triggering the acquired immune response.
25
What is the purpose of lymphatic vessels?
They drain ECF and lymph tissues, providing a site for immune system and antigen interaction.
26
What is the role of the spleen?
Filters blood antigens.
27
Where are different cells found in the lymph node?
APC's present antigen to T(h) cells in the cortex | T cells influence B cells in the medulla.
28
What are the symptoms of inflammation?
``` Redness Swelling Loss of function Pain Heat ```
29
What occurs during inflammation?
Anti microbial peptides which interfere with microbial growth and reproduction. Interferon is released from virally infected cells.
30
What do mast cells release when damaged or activated?
Histamine - Vasodilation Prostaglandins - Vascular permeability Leukotrines - "" ""
31
What functions does interferon have?
Infected cells undergo apoptosis Uninfected cells destroy RNA and stop protein synthesis Immune cells are activated
32
What are the side effects of interferon?
Muscle aches, chills, headache, fever
33
What are the three compliment pathways? Which one is fastest?
Classical fastest (antibody/antigen binds compliment) Alternative (compliment binds to pathogen) Lectin (Carbohydrate complexes of microbes bind to compliment)
34
What are the three main functions of complement?
Label/opsonisation coats microbe with antibody/C3b, making microbes more likely to be phagocytosed C3b Recruitment attracts phagocytes to the area. Mast cells are degranulated. C3a and C5a Destoy microbes, either via phagocytosis of C3b microbes or MAC complex assembly.
35
Breifly describe the inflammatory response
Cytokines released by mast cells and macrophages. Fluid and leukocytes flow into the area Phagocytosis occurs
36
Briefly describe a fever response.
Phagocytes release pyrogens (IL1) This increases prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus. This resets the set point for temperature to a higher value, hence fever
37
What compliment is opsonisation?
C3b
38
What compliment is recruitment?
C3a and C5a
39
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
40
How is the unique TCR produced?
Through gene rearrangement from the germline state.
41
How are T(h) cells activated?
DC's phagocytose and present antigen via MHC II
42
What are the two main roles of CD4+ cells?
``` Help cytotoxic cells become active Help B cells make antibody, activate Helps macrophages form phagolysosome in chronic CMR Help themselves activate All through the use of cytokines. ```
43
What do T(c) cells bind to?
MHC I
44
How are B cells activated?
By native antigen and CD4+ cells
45
Where do B cells develop?
Bone marrow
46
What do B cells produce once activated?
Plasma cells which produce antibody | Memory cells which don't need T cell activation in subsequent infections
47
How many BCR on each B cell?
100,000
48
What is the order of isotope switching?
M/D to G to A to E
49
What are the three main antibody functions?
Opsonisation/agglutination Complement activation Neutralisation
50
Where is IgM found and what is its shape?
Pentameter, with a J chain | Found on naive B cells
51
What is the function of IgM?
First to resend after initial exposure Good at activating compliment Target extra cellular bacteria BCR
52
Where is IgD found?
Naive B cells
53
What is the function of IgD?
Unknown
54
Where is IgG found, what is its structure?
Found in blood, is a monomer, the most prevalent in blood.
55
What is the function of IgG?
Opsonise/neutralise bacteria Can cross placenta - passive immunity Targets viruses and bacteria.
56
What is the structure of IgA? Where is it found?
Dimer, J chains Found in secretions and mucus Monomer in blood
57
What is the function of IgA?
Mucosal membrane defence Passive immunity in breast milk Targets viruses and bacteria
58
What is the structure of IgE? Where is it found?
A monomer, in blood.
59
What is the function of IgE?
Targets parasites | Allergic reactions
60
What's a monoclonal antibody?
Antibodies derived from a specific B cell lineage.
61
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Medicinal, diagnostic and research.
62
Describe the humoral response
There is colonial selection when the B cell recognises antigen B cell presents antigen to CD4 cell via MHC II Cytokines release from CD4 triggers plasma and memory B cell formation Memory B cells last for years and don't need T cell activation
63
How long does the primary immune response take? What antibody is most prevalent?
7 to 14 days, IgM
64
How long does the secondary immune response take, and what antibody type is most prevalent? What type of cells does this require?
2-3 days, IgG, requires memory cells.
65
Describe the general antibody structure
Two heavy chains connected by two disulphide linkages in the base. Two light chains are connected to one of the heavy chains each by a disulphide linkage. Two variable regions are present on each end.
66
Describe the acute cell mediated response
Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and granzymes to stimulate apoptosis of virally infected cell.
67
Describe the chronic cell mediated response.
If bacteria prevent phagolysosome formation, interferon gamma from T helper cells activates macrophages to promote the fusion of phagosome and lysosome.
68
How are endogenous antigens expressed through MHC II?
APC's phagocytise viral proteins which have leaked from infected cells or dead cells, then present them via MHC II
69
Wat is colonial selection?
The selective expansion of lymphocytes which react with a specific antigen
70
What do natural killer cells do?
Kill Timor cells with low levels of MHC I
71
What are examples of artificial and natural passive immunity?
Placental IgG and milk IgA | Serum injection for a snake bite for example
72
What are artificial and natural active immunity examples?
Active immunity is making immunity oneself, requires the production of memory cells to mount a secondary response Natural is the disease process Artificial is a live vaccine
73
What are examples of dead vaccines?
Toxoid, subunit and conjugate
74
What do live vaccines do?
Give a good IgA response and memory T cells
75
What do dead vaccines do?
Give a good IgG response, and IgM initially. Must be administered more than once and intramuscularly.
76
What is attenuation?
Removal of virulent gene for vaccination purposes.
77
What is recombinant vaccination?
Antigen code is isolated, and either: Put into another cell which synthesises proteins (recombinant proteins) Or a recombinant vector displays antigen on cell surface. (Recombinant Vector)
78
What is a plasmid vaccine?
Has only worked on mice so far, they take a bacterial plasmid and insert it into animal cell so it synthesises antigenic protein.
79
What are adjuvants?
Chemicals in vaccines which increase immune response via: Increasing inflammation Increasing macrophage response Increasing APC'S interactions
80
What is an allergy?
An inappropriate response to an innocuous antigen.
81
What is the definition if an antigen?
Anything which has the potential to be recognised by the immune system.
82
What are natural killer cells?
Large granular cells Help combat viral infections and cancers Produce toxic molecules to destroy target cell, and cytokines to help other cells kill their target.
83
What is type one allergic response?
Immediate hypersensitivity. Quick response, 30 min IgE mediated, binds to mast cells and eosinophils Causes degranulation and inflammation
84
What is type two allergic response?
Cytotoxic response T(c) cells and complement Effects circulation in joints and kidneys
85
What is type three allergic response?
Serum sickness 10-14 days post injection of antivenin Presents as a skin rash Leftover antivenin stimulates IgG production leading to complement activation.
86
What is type four allergic response, and give examples?
Takes 1-3 days to occur Involves helper T cells and macrophages Examples are diabetes, graves and lupus
87
How can allergies sort of be prevented?
Immunotherapy and immunisation
88
How can allergies be detected?
An intradermal injection of allergen and waiting for a wheal and flare, 20-30 minutes after injection.
89
How does an allergic reaction occur?
DC takes up antigen Moves to lymph node Immune pathway occurs.
90
What is the role of IgE in allergies?
Is produced on first exposure, binds to mast cells. | On further exposure, this triggers degranulation of mast cells.
91
What are some effects on the GI tract in an allergic response?
Diarrhoea Vomiting Increase in peristalsis
92
What are some effects on the airways in an allergic response?
Contraction More mucus production Congestion and blockage
93
What are some examples of type one allergic reaction?
Hay-fever (allergic rhinitis) Asthma Eczema/uticaria Anaphylaxis
94
How high is the genetic predisposition to allergies in developed countries?
10% and rising.
95
Describe the events of phagocytosis
``` Pseudopodia surround microbe Microbes are engulfed Microbes ingested into phagosome Becomes phagolysosome Microbe killed and digested Microbe exocytosed ```

HUBS 191 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions