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Metabolism 2 > Endocrine Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A
  • it releases hormones into the bloodstream, has a slower response compared to the nervous system
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2
Q

what is the main concern of the endocrine system

A

maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of

A

• Made up of a network of glands – found in the cranium, neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis

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4
Q

where do ductless glands secrete hormones into

A
  • it directly secretes hormones directly into the blood stream
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5
Q

when does an endocrine disease occur

A

• Endocrine diseases are common (3.5 million diagnosed with diabetes in the UK) and usually occur when glands produce an incorrect amount of hormones.

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6
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A
  • Gland made out of an anterior and posterior part that is attached to the hypothalamus via the posterior lobe via the infundibulum
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7
Q

how is the pituitary gland attached to the hypothalamus

A

the infuindibulum via the posterior lobe

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8
Q

where does the pituitary gland lay

A
  • it lays in the sphenoid bone in an area called the sella turcica
    • It is hold in position by the diaphragm Sella which is a Dural sheet
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9
Q

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary also known as and what is its main role

A
  • Also known as the adenohypophysis’s

- - glandular tissue of the pituitary hormone

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10
Q

what hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary secrete

A
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
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11
Q

what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also known as

A
  • Neurohypophysis

- it is a down-growth of nerves tissue

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12
Q

what does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete

A

ADH

oxytocin

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13
Q

describe how the posterior pituitary releases hormones

A
  • there are cell bodes in the hypothalamus that will secrete hormones via axons
  • these go down the stalk into he infiduibulum and then into the posterior lobe
  • they are secreted directly into a the capillary bed and then go to the relevant parts of the body
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14
Q

describe how ADH is secreted in the posterior pituitary

A

= cells bodies in the supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus release ADH

  • these go down the stalk into he infiduibulum and then into the posterior lobe
  • they are secreted directly into a the capillary bed and then go to the relevant parts of the body
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15
Q

describe how oxytocin is secreted in the posterior pituitary

A
  • cell bodies in the paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus release oxytocin
  • these go down the stalk into he infiduibulum and then into the posterior lobe
  • they are secreted directly into a the capillary bed and then go to the relevant parts of the body
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16
Q

what is the blood supply of the anterior pituitary

A
  • has a vascular connection as it is made out of glandular tissue
  • main blood arises form the ICA (internal carotid artery), this brings blood into the hypothalamus via the superior hypophyseal artery
  • this then goes into the primary plexus located within the hypothalamus
  • blood will then travel down into the anterior lobe via the hypophyseal portal vein
  • goes into the secondary plexus
  • the secondary plexus will leave the pituitary via the efferent hypophyseal veins and then into the cavernous sinus
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17
Q

describe the T3 T4 example of blood supply of the anterior pituitary

A
  • If we have low T3 T4 levels, they will travel via the superior hypopseal artery to the primary plexus which will secrete thyrotropin releasing hormone, this will then travel down the portal veins to the secondary plexus where it will stimulate the release of thyroid stimulating hormone, this will then carry on via the efferent vessels and go to the thyroid to stimulate the thyroid to release T3 T4
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18
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary release and where do they go and what do they do

A 
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
•	Adrenal glands
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
•	Thyroid gland
Luteinising hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
•	Reproductive organs
Prolactin (PRL)
•	Lactation
Growth hormone (GH)
•	Metabolism and growth
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19
Q

what are dural venous sinuses

A

The dural venous sinuses lie between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater. They are best thought of as collecting pools of blood, which drain the central nervous system, the face, and the scalp

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20
Q

name the dural venous sinuses

A
  • straight
  • sigmoid
  • cavernous sinus
  • traverse
  • superior sagittal
  • inferior sagittal
  • superior and inferior peterosal sinuses
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21
Q

where do all dural venous sinuses eventually drain

A
  • into the internal jugular vein
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22
Q

what dural venous sinuses meet at the confluence of sinuses

A

straight, superior, and inferior sagittal sinuses

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23
Q

what goes through the cavernous sinus

A
  • internal carotid artery
  • CN III
  • CN IV
  • CN VI
  • V1
  • V2
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24
Q

the optic chaism is superior to the

A

pituitary gland

25
Q

how many intracranial tumours are pituitary tumours

A
  • Pituitary tumours constitute 10-15% of all diagnosed intracranial tumours
  • 90% of which are benign adenomas.
26
Q

what are the effects of pituitary tumours

A

• Hormonal effects usually through GH, TSH, ACTH or Prolactin

27
Q

how do you cure a pituitary tumour

A

• Surgery is the most common treatment for most pituitary tumours.

The aim of surgery is to remove the tumour and to leave at least some of the normal pituitary gland behind.

– in order to do that they go through the nasal cavity and through the sphenoid sinus which allows direct access to that area

28
Q

what are Cushing syndrome a result of

A
  • result of excessive hormonal release and production
29
Q

describe what the Cushing syndrome symptoms are and what causes them

A

LH and FSH
- rare, this can cause irregular mentsrual periods or a decreased interest in sex

Prolactin

  • irregular menstural periods
  • abnormal milk production

Growth hormone

  • gigantism in children
  • acromegaly in adults

Thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)

  • Hyperthyroidis
  • weight loss
  • rapid heart rate
  • tremors

ACTG
- excessive coristol - Cushingg

30
Q

how can a pituitary tumour effect eyesight

A
  • Visual defect as a result of pituitary oedema, as it compresses the optic chiasm as and then you get bitemporal menopia
  • optic chiasma sits above the pituitary gland
31
Q

where do the adrenal glands sit

A
  • They sit on our kidneys
  • The kidneys remove from the part in the pelvis and come up whereas the adrenal glands actually stay within the abdomen therefore in some instances there is not contact with the kidney and adrenal gland and there may just be a layer of fat between the two
32
Q

describe the two parts of the adrenal gland

A 
outer cortex (more glandular part) 
internal medulla (neural part)
33
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secretes

A

– aldosterone,

  • cortisol
  • androgens
34
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secretes

A
  • adrenaline

- noradrenaline

35
Q

describe the adrenal medulla

A
  • Adrenal medulla is a specialised sympathetic ganglion with preganglionic sympathetic fibres synapsing and stimulating the release of adrenaline – from the spinal cord out through the sympathetic chain (the do not synapse there) and into the abdomen to the adrenal glands
  • The adrenal gland has no post synaptic ganglion
  • Has the same effect as the sympathetic nervous system just not as rapid
36
Q

what are the three layers of the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

zona reticularis
zona fasciculata
zona glomerulosa

37
Q

describe what the three layers of the cortex of the adrenal glands secrete

A
  • Zona reticularis – inner most layer – this is responsible for secreting androgens (testosterone precursor)
  • Middle layer is the zona fasciculata – glucocorticoids (cortisol – released in response to stress)
  • Zona glomerulosa – mineralcorticoids (aldosterone – helps with regulation of sodium)
38
Q

compare the adrenal gland on the right compared to the left and what they are in contact with

A
  • On the right pyramidal shaped – contact with liver and IVC,

on the left cresent shaped – contact with the spleen, stomach and pancreas

39
Q

describe the blood supply of the adrenal glands

A
  • Gets it blood supply from three major arteries
  • Superior suprarenal arteries (6-8 branches that come of the inferior phrenic artery which comes of the abdominal aorta)
  • Middle supernal artery – comes of abdominal aorta near the superior mesenteric artery
  • Inferior suprarenal artery – comes from the left and right renal artery
40
Q

describe the venous drainage of the adrenal gland

A
  • Right supernal vein and left supernal vein
  • The right supernal vein drains directly into the IVC whereas the left supernal vein drains into the left renal vein before draining into the IVC
41
Q

what structures when performing surgery on the thyroid gland should you avoid and if you hit them what happens

A
  • Recurrent largenal nerves- if we take these out accidently you can lose your voice dysphonia
  • Parathyroid glands – tetany if taken out
  • Thyroid IMA artery – post operative haemorrhage compressing the trachea
42
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A
  • it is located in the neck

- It lies at the level C5-T1

43
Q

what are the 4 muscles that surround the thyroid

A

infra hyoid muscles

  • thyrohyoid muscle – runs from the thyroid to the hyoid bone,
  • sternohyoid bone from the sternum to the hyoid,
  • sternothyroid – sternum to the thyroid,
  • omohyoid – attaches to the scapula from the hyoid bone
44
Q

what do infra hyoid muscles do

A
  • act to depress the hyoid bone
45
Q

what is the composition of the thyroid gland

A
  • Composed of a lift and right lobe connected by a thin isthmus
  • May get a bit of extra vascular tissue called the pyramidal lobe
46
Q

what can you get extra of in the thyroid gland

A
  • May get a bit of extra vascular tissue called the pyramidal lobe
47
Q

what is the blood supply of the thyroid gland

A
  • Superior thyroid artery – external carotid artery
  • Inferior thyroid artery – thyrocervical trunk – this comes of off our right and left subclavian
  • In about 10% of people get another branch this is the Thyroid IMA artery – brachiophalic trunk – can come from different places
48
Q

what is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A
  • There are two that drain into the internal jugular vein
    • this is the superior thyroid vein and middle thyroid vein
  • Inferior thyroid vein drains into the brachiocephalic veins
49
Q

what are parathyroid glands

A
  • These are 4 glands that are located on the posterior side of the thyroid
50
Q

what do parathyroid glands do

A
  • These secrete parathyroid hormone and this increases blood calcium
51
Q

what is nerve supplies fo the thyroid

A
  • Have recurrent laryngeal nerve on left and right this runs in close proximity to the thyroid gland
52
Q

what are the two endogenous parts of the pancreas

A

endocrine

exocrine

53
Q

what is the role of the pancreas

A
  • Secretion of powerful digestive enzymes into the small intestine (Exocrine)
  • Releases insulin and glucagon in to the bloodstream to determine how the body uses food for energy (Endocrine)
54
Q

what are the anatomical parts of the pancreas

A

head, neck and tail

- Extending from the head is an uncinate process

55
Q

what is the blood supply of the pancreas

A
  • supplied from the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
  • Coeliac trunk will give of the splenic branch which goes to the spleen and this will give of various branch’s and one that supplies the pancreas is the transverse pancreatic artery
  • On the other side there is the common hepatic artery on the coeliac trunk and this gives of the gastroepiploic artery as well as the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • Inferior pancreaticoduodenal is a branch from the superior mesenteric artery
  • These connect and supply the head of the pancreas
56
Q

where does the head of the pancreas sit

A
  • The head sits in the curve of the duodenum, and runs anterior to the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava and the tail extend to the spleen
57
Q

describe the ducts within the pancreas

A
  • Major pancreatic duct
  • And accessory pancreatic duct
  • These drain into the duodenum via the Minor and major papilla
58
Q

describe how the bilary tree forms

A
  • Left and right hepatic duct combine to form the common hepatic duct this combines with the cystic duct and forms the common bile duct which drains into the major duodenal papilla
59
Q

where are the gallstones present and what symptoms can result form this

A
  • If there are gall stones in the gall bladder the patient is asymptomatic as bile can still exit the gall bladder
  • But there is a blockage in the cystic duct so the bile cant leave the gall bladder so pain follows meals (biliary colic)
  • If in common bile duct blocks both the cystic duct and common hepatic duct from the liver, this can cause build up of bilirubin, and this causes jaundice along with biliary colic pain
  • If the stone blocks the major duodenal papilla this is blocking the bile from the gallbladder, the liver, and pancreatic enzymes – this causes biliary pain, jaundice and pancreatitis

Metabolism 2 (40 decks)

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