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Endocrine and Metabolic Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothalamus is connected to the ______ via the _______

A

pituitary gland ; infundibulum

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2
Q

Ant. Pituitary structure

A

(adenhypophysis)
glandular tissue

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3
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Infudibulum and posterior lobe

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4
Q

Part of brain that connects to NS

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

produce non-hormonal substances
have ducts to carry membrane surface

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6
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Produce hormones
Lack ducts

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7
Q

Name the stimuli that stimulate endocrine glands to synthesize and release hormones

A

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal

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8
Q

Example of humoral stimuli

A

increase in Ca in blood triggers PTH

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9
Q

Example of neural stimuli

A

SNS can stimulate adrenal gland to release E and NE

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10
Q

Example of hormonal stimuli

A

hormones released by hypothalamus trigger release of hormones from pituitary

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11
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

differentiation of reproductive and CNS of fetus
growth and development of adolescent
coordination of male and female reproductive system
responses to emergency
homeostasis

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12
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

ADH
Oxytocin

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Prolactin
GH
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH

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14
Q

Effector hormones of AP

A

Act on peripheral tissue
GH, PRL

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15
Q

Tropic hormones of AP

A

Stimulating hormones
Act on endocrine glands
ACTH, THS, LH, FSH

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes which type of hormones?

A

Effector

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17
Q

Growth Hormone

A

promote increased growth in long bones and other tissues

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18
Q

TSH

A

stimulates thyroid gland to produce hormones

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19
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids to maintain BP, control electrolytes, promote glucose flow in blood

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20
Q

Prolactin

A

production of milk

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21
Q

LH and FSH

A

menstrual cycle and oogenesis
testicular hormones and spermatogenesis

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22
Q

ADH

A

osmotic regulation

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23
Q

Oxytocin

A

contractions of smooth muscle for breast feeding and contraction of uterus during labor

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24
Q

Thyroid Gland Secretions

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

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25
Thyroid hormone functions
regulates normal growth and development of skeletal, nervous, and reproductive capabilities maintains BP
26
Parathyroid gland secretion
PTH
27
PTH functions
regulates Ca and PO reabsorption of Ca and PO from bone Reabsorption of Ca and excretion of PO by kidneys
28
Adrenal Cortex secretions
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids-Cortisol Sex steroids
29
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone-regulates NA reabsorption and K secretion regulation of BP
30
Glucocorticoids-Cortisol
accelerates glucose synthesis and glycogen formation anti-inflammatory
31
Hypo cortisol
addisons
32
Hyper cortisol
cushings
33
Sex steroids
Androgens that influence sexual characteristics
34
Adrenal medulla
produces E and NE for fight or flight
35
ADH
Stimulated by increased osmolarity decreased blood volume or pressure
36
Endocrine pancreas
Produces glucagon from alpha cells to raise blood sugar Produces insulin from beta cells to facilitate glucose transport, storage, protein synthesis and free fatty acid uptake
37
Insulin deficiency leads to
DM (hyperglycemia)
38
Insulin excess leads to
hypoglycemia
39
Endocrine pathology results from
inflammation or tumor
40
Pituitary tumor (secreting)
produce an excess of 1 or more pituitary hormones, most commonly prolactin
41
Pituitary tumor (nonsecreting)
do not secrete hormones and are often undiagnosed
42
microadenomas
tumors less than 1cm
43
macroadenomas
tumors greater than 1cm
44
Invasiveness of pituitary tumors
may extend into dura mater and sphenoid bone
45
Pituitary tumors can also affect
hypothalamus visual deficit headache
46
Galactorrhea
milk production outside of pregnancy or breastfeeding
47
Amenorrhea
absence of menstrual periods
48
Hyper GH in children
gigantism overgrowth of long bones in children before closure of epiphyseal plates large but weak muscles
49
Hyper GH in adults
acromegaly increased bone thickness and hypertrophy of soft tissue in adults
50
PT implications for Hyper GH
Post surgery MSK pain and weakness reduce ICP
51
Hypo GH
dwarfism short, delayed growth and puberty, hypothyroidism sexual and repro. disorders
52
PT implications for dwarfism
rarely seen
53
Hyper ADH
SIADH excessive release of ADH water intoxication hyponatremia headache from low sodium and seizure increase BP
54
Hypo ADH
Diabetes insipidus Kidneys fail to reabsorb water Large amounts of dilute urine, polydipsia (excessive thirst), dehydration, dizziness
55
PT implications for ADH disorders
monitor weight and vitals
56
Hypothryroidsim
deficiency of T hormones slow metabolism swelling bedsore bradycardia hair loss cold intolerance constipation
57
Hyperthyroidism
excess thyroid hormone tachycardia restless hot skin excitbale weight loss hot intolerance diarrhea deep tendon reflexes dysphagia swelling of neck
58
hypothyroid implications
activity intolernce, prone to skin tears and fibromyalgia
59
hyperthyroid implications
monitor vital signs, exercise intolerance
60
Hypothyroidism may be seen with what other disorders
Women with RA
61
exopthalmos
protruding eyes
62
hyperparathyroidism leads to
hypercalcemia bone and kidney damage
63
hyperparathyroidism signs
osteoperosis excessive urination arthritis kidney stones depression and confusion
64
PT implications for hyperparathyroidism
low back pain, leg pain, semifowler position if gland removed, light resistance exercise
65
hypoparathyroidism can lead to
hypocalcemia and neuromuscular inability
66
hypoparathyroidism signs
muscle spasms dizziness fatigue swallowing issues mood swings memory and cognitive problems

Pathology (7 decks)

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