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Pathology > Hepatic, Pancreas and Biliary Patho > Flashcards

Hepatic, Pancreas and Biliary Patho Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile during fasting, then contracts to expel the bile into the duodenum in response to the arrival of food

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2
Q

Liver is a source of

A

Albumin, other plasma proteins, and bile

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3
Q

The liver converts and excretes

A

bilirubin, which is the end product of hemoglobin

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4
Q

Too much yellow indicates

A

jaundice

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5
Q

Pancreas secretes

A

digestive enzymes, pancreatic juices, glucagon, and insulin

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6
Q

Cholelithiasis (Gallstone Disease)

A

presence of one or more gallstones in the gallbladder

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7
Q

majority of gallstone made of

A

80% are made of cholesterol

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8
Q

Cholelithiasis results from

A

change in bile compistition

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9
Q

What can cholelithiasis also present as?

A

R Shoulder Pain

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10
Q

Risk factors for Cholelithiasis
(Lifestyle)

A

Overwight
HIgh fat/cholestroal and low fiber diet
Rapid weight loss
Diabetis mellitus

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11
Q

Risk factors for Cholelithiasis
(Uncontrollable)

A

Females
Native Americans or Mexicans
Family history of gallstones
60 years or older

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12
Q

Risk factors for Cholelithiasis
(Medical)

A

Cirrhosis (slows flow of bile) or sickle cell anemia
Pregnant
Medications with high estrogen

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations of gallstone disease

A

Asymptomatic
RUQ pain
Fatty food intolerance
Heartburn

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14
Q

Diagnosis of Gallstone Disease

A

History
Ultrasound
CT scan

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15
Q

Treatment of Cholelithiasis

A

No treatment if asymptomatic
Reduce fatty diet
Cholecystectomy

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16
Q

Prognosis of cholelithiasis

A

Good, unless severe complications of obstruction, infection and rupture occur (could lead to inflammation of gallbladder)

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17
Q

Hepatic Injury (Acute)

A

Can heal and regenerate with acute injury

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18
Q

Hepatic Injury (Chronic)

A

Irreversible scaring and cirrhosis

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19
Q

Signs of Hepatic Disease

A

GI symptoms
Edema/ascites
Light or clay colored poop (improper excretion of bilirubin)
Dark pee
RUQ abdominal pain
Musculoskeletal pain

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20
Q

Signs of Hepatic Disease
(SKIN)

A

jaundice (yellow of skin and sclera of eye)
bruising
Spider angionoma (dilation of BV in nose)
Palmar erythema (redness of palms)

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21
Q

Signs of Hepatic Disease
(Neuro)

A

Confusion
Hyperractive reflexes
Asterixis (Liver flap)
Sleep disturbance
Muscle tremors

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22
Q

What is bilirubin

A

waste product when the liver breaks down old RBCS

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23
Q

Normal bilirubin levels?

A

.1-1.0 mg/dL

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24
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowing of skin, sclerae, mucus membranes

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25
Jaundice causes
hyperbilirubinemia defect in bilirubin metabolism liver disease obstruction of bile flow
26
ascites
excess fluid in abdomen
27
ascites causes
85% cirrhosis with portal hypertension congestive heart failure abdominal malginancies malnutrition
28
clinical manifestations of ascites
weight gain abdominal swelling and pain respiratory distress secondary bacterial infection
29
Cirrhosis
late stage scarring/fibrosis that develops after years of chronic liver disease
30
Cirrhosis causes
alcohol abuse hepatitis C Nonalcaholic liver disease Excessive weight
31
Portal Hypertension
blood backup/increased BP in GI tract to liver occurs more after eating, at night, coughing, sneezing
32
Portal hypertension leads to
splenomegaly ascites GI varices encephalopathy dilated veins around umbilicus hematemesis (vomiting blood) Melena
33
Hepatic Encephalopathy causes
acute and chronic liver diseases elevated ammonia and metabolic abnormalities
34
Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
Antibiotics Lactulose Ammonia-lowering therapy Liver transplant High mortality if left untreated
35
Alcohol related liver disease more common in
men, but women can develop it after shorter and lower exposure
36
ARLD clinical manifestations
asymptomatic nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, fever, weight loss, jaundice, ascites, cognitive impairment to coma
37
Treatment of ARLD
proper nutrition, fluids, no drinking
38
prognosis of ARLD
good if drinking stopped before irreversible injury, otherwise cirrhosis with liver failure can occure
39
Hepatitis
general term for liver injury and inflammation
40
Causes of hepatitis
Viral Chemicals Autoimmune disorders
41
Chronic hepatitis
Chronic inflammation and injury to liver Causes by alcohol, hep B and C Can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
42
Hepatitis A Spread
person to preson (feces, saliva, contaminated food and water)
43
Hepatitis A common in
countries with poor hygiene and sanitation, most infected by age 10
44
Hepatitis A in US
30% infected by age 50
45
Hepatitis B transmission
cutaneous and mucosal exposure to blood and bodily fluids with virus
46
Hep B not found in
urine sweat stool
47
How many people have Hep B
400 million
48
Hepatitis C majority of infections from
IVDU with contaminated needles
49
Hepatitis C more or less in present day
less
50
Hepatitis D transmission
transmitted by IVDU, sexual, and intrafamilial
51
Hepatitis E Transmission
Poop water Blood transfusion Sexual and interfamilial transmission
52
Viral Hepatitis
Asymptomatic more common Flu like illness Anorexia Nausea, vomiting changes to olfaction and taste dark urine and clay stool, often do not jaundice
53
Acute pancreatitis common causes
alcohol abuse and gallstones
54
Acute pancreatitis other causes
trauma, drugs, hypercalcemia, cystic fibrosis
55
Acute pancreatitis
enzymes leak into surrounding tissues, leading to autodigestion
56
Acute pancreatitis symptoms
epigastric pain radiating to the back nausea, vomitting, diahrea, anorexia abdominal distention and pain fever and sweating tachycardia malaise weakness bluish abdomen or flanks Jaundice
57
Acute pancreatitis diagnosis
elevated serum amylase and lipase ultrasound or CT of abdomen
58
Acute pancreatitis treatment
withhold oral food fluid replacement bed rest remove any gallstones
59
Acute pancreatitis prognosis
most recovery fully in self limited fashion severe cases can lead to coma, cardiopulmonary collapse, shock and death
60
Chronic pancreatitis etiology
cystic fibrosis in children alcoholism in adults
61
Chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis
alcohol consumption leads to release of pancreatic fluids that is high in protein but low in volume and bicarbinate, acts as a toxin
62
prognosis
lead to malabsorptions and diabetes
63
Pancreatic cancer origin
begins in cells that line pancreatic ducts
64
Pancreatic cancer most common form
Ductal adenocarcinoma
65
Pancreatic cancer risk factors
advanced aging family history tobacco use diets high in fat and/or red or processed meat
66
Pancreatic cancer symptoms
Initially: vague Later: pain in epigastric and LUQ, weight loss, jaundice
67
Pancreatic cancer treatment
chemo, resection
68
Pancreatic cancer prognosis
poor

Pathology (7 decks)

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