Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology > Endocrine and Nervous System > Flashcards

Endocrine and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise the endocrine system

A

Collection of glands that are groups of secretory cells producing hormones. These hormones influence cell growth and metabolism, binding to specialised receptors to reverse or amplify a stimulus. The aim is to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls release of hormones from anterior and posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some examples of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the growth hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and division of most body cells, especially in bones and skeletal muscles, and stimulates breakdown of fats and increases blood glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and activity of the thyroid gland, which secretes thyroxine T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Secreted during pregnancy to prepare the breast for lactation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates production of sperm and secretion of oestrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates target tissues during and after childbirth; stimulates uterine smooth muscles and breast muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the anti-diuretic hormone?

A

Reduces urine output and lessens the quantity of water in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of thyroxine T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3?

A
  • Increase metabolic rate and heat production
  • regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
  • essential for normal growth and development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A
  • lowers blood calcium levels by increasing uptake of excess calcium for storage in the bone
  • essential during childhood and development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid hormone?

A
  • muscle contraction
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • blood clotting
  • normal action of many enzymes

Acts in a complementary manner with the calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormones are secreted by the suprarenal glands?

A
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline from the medulla
  • adrenocoricoids from the cortex - glucacorticoids, mineralcorticoids and sex hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What ie the function of glucocorticoids?

A
  • regulate metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses, and responses to stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is aldosterone?

A
  • main mineralcorticoid
  • maintain water and electrolyte balance
  • regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are androgens?

A
  • male sex hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pancreatic islets?

A
  • the islets of Langerhans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three types of hormones of the pancreatic islets?

A
  • alpha: secrete glucagon
  • beta: secrete insulin
  • delta: secrete somatostatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is somatosatin?

A
  • inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon by the islet cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

A
  • coordinate seasonal circadian and diurnal rhythms
  • associated with mood - associated with SAD
  • maturation of sex organs at puberty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Detect and respond to changes inside and outside of body, working alongside endocrine system to promote homeostasis

25
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
26
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Covers the rest of the body, and provides rapid communication between all parts of body and brain. Comprises paired cranial and spinal nerves
27
What are sensory (afferent) nerves?
Transmitted impulses to the CNS
28
What are motor (efferent) nerves?
Transport impulses from CNS and divided into somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (involuntary process) systems
29
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Sympathetic mobilises body systems during emergency scenarios, and parasympathetic allows maintenance of control
30
What do neurones consist of?
Cell body, axon, dendrites, cytoplasm
31
What is the function of neurones?
Generate and transmit nerve impulses
32
What are neuroglia?
Non excitable glial cells making up connective tissue to support neurones
33
What is cytoplasm?
Gelatinous liquid composes of water, salts and proteins
34
What are dendrites?
Branching extensions of the cell body that transmit and receive action potentials towards the axon
35
What is the anatomy of neuroglia?
Four types: - astrocytes - oligodendrocytes - ependymal cells - microglia
36
What are astrocytes?
Star shaped cells with fine banching processes that are adjacent to blood vessels, and protect the brain from toxic substances
37
What are oligodendrocytes?
Small, few branched cells clustered around nerve cell bodies in grey matter within CNS. They form and maintain myelin and multiply around degenerating neurones
38
What are ependymal cells?
Collated cells that form epithelial lining of ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal volume and assist with flow of CSF through fluid filled cavities within the brain
39
What are microglia?
Small glia cells dispered throughout brain. Migrate to site of inflammation and cell damage, enlarging and becoming phagocytic, removing microbes and damaged tissue
40
Where are the major endocrine organs of the body located?
Tend to lie near the midline of the body
41
What is the most abundant hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone
42
What role does adrenaline have?
Preparation for fight and flight
43
What are the meninges?
A triple layer of tissue lying between the brain and skull, and between vertebral foramina to provide protection. Provides nutrients and protection
44
How are the meninges divided?
- Dua mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia mater
45
What is the dura mater?
2 layers of fibrous tissue
46
What is the arachnoid mater?
Fibrous tissue
47
What is the pia mater?
Delicate connective tissue which contains many small blood vessels
48
What are the two areas of the brain associated with the meninges?
- Subdural space - Subarachnoid space
49
What is the subdural space?
Space between dura and arachnoid maters, containing a very small amount of serous fluid
50
What is the subarachnoid space?
Separates arachnoid and pia maters and contains CSF
51
What is the name of the additional space within the spinal canal?
Epidural space
52
What are ventricles?
Irregular shaped cavities containing CSF
53
What is the function of the CSF?
Supports and protects brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients, and keeps them moist
54
How heavy is the brain?
Approx. 1.4kg
55
What is the cerebrum?
Largest part of the brain, divided by a deep cleft with left and right cerebral hemispheres
56
What is the cerebral cortex?
Superficial part of the cerebrum composed of nerve cell bodies (grey matter) and deeper layers of nerve fibres (white matter)
57
What is the corpus callosum?
White matter of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres of the brain
58
What is the diencephalon?
Connects cerebrum and midbrain and houses the thalamus and hypothalamus
59
What is the midbrain?
Connects cerebrum with lower parts of the brain and spinal cord

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions