Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease > Endocrine disease in small mammals and exotic species > Flashcards

Endocrine disease in small mammals and exotic species Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is needed to allow the absorption of calcium from the intestines

A

Vitamin D
birds and reptiles this is in the form UV-B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List 3 things that are needed for calcium metabolism in a bearded dragon

A

UV-B light
Heat
Correct diet and supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When are dietary calcium supplements needed in reptiles

A

herbivorous reptiles
insectivorous reptiles
only carnivorous reptiles if fed all-meat diet or neonatal prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what should the calcium phosphorous ratio be in birds and reptiles

A

between 1:1 and 2:1
Calcium should be equal or double the phosphorus levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when are dietary calcium supplemental needed in birds

A

Insectivorous bird
parrots- if on seed-based diet
Carnivorous birds- All-meat diet, or over enthusiastic eviscerating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can rabbits absorb calcium from the gut

A

Via both passive and and active absorption methods - with or without vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe active absorption of calcium in rabbits

A

Vit D2 —> D3 in kidney by PTH if have low serum calcium, this stimulates intestinal absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe passive absorption of calcium in rabbits

A

absorbed across gut wall, vitamin D not required (unlike other mammals). No feedback mechanism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the problem with too high calcium in rabbit diet

A

If high in diet = high serum calcium.
In rabbits calcium excretion is mostly via kidney
have a good tolerance of high levels of dietary Ca but does have a limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe calcium absorption in guinea pigs

A

same as rabbits- don’t regulate calcium absorption from the gut
If fed excess calcium, the excess absorbed calcium is excreted through the urinary tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List 6 clinical signs of pancreatic adenomas in ferrets

A

hindlimb weakness
nausea
gazed expression
ataxia
collapse
coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 6 clinical signs of hypercalcaemia in guinea pigs/ rabbits

A

dysuria
pollakiuria
haematuria
thick, beige-brown urine
urine staining
abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List 8 things seen with metabolic bone disease

A

Anorexia
lethargy
abnormal gait
bone deformities and swellings
pathological fractures
constipation- egg binding, cloacal prolapse
dysecdysis
muscle tremors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F only reptiles get metabolic bone disease

A

False
birds can get it to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do reptiles and birds need UV light

A

they can’t use vitamin D2 which you get from the diet, so they need UV-B and heat to convert vitamin D2 to vitamin D3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are all birds reliant on UV-B to absorb calcium

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why should parrots not be given seed based diets

A

They are deficient in calcium and vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List 4 non-specific clinical signs of endocrine diseases

A

PUPD
anorexia
lethargy/weakness
weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what animal are pancreatic adenomas common in

A

ferrets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is dysecdysis

A

difficult or abnormal shedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List 3 clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in birds

A

dyspnoea
regurgitation
dysphagia (due to thyroid goitres)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List 5 clinical signs of MBD in birds

A

weakness
ataxia
bone deformities or fractures
tetany
seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the 3 most common endocrine diseases seen in ferrets

A

Hyperadrenocorticism*
Insulinoma
Persistent Oestrus*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List the 3 most common endocrine diseases seen in guinea pigs

A

cystic ovaries
Urolithiasis (hypercalcaemia)
hyperadrenocoriticsm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Should we be worried about alopecia during pregnancy/lactation in guinea pigs
No
26
Describe how to treat diabetes in guinea pigs
diet changes
27
what is an insulinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin
28
Describe how to diagnose insulinoma in ferrets
test glucose before and after feeding
29
List 6 common causes of hypercalcaemia in rabbits
increased dietary intake renal disease primary hyperparathyroidism hypervitaminosis D osteomyelitis paraneoplastic syndrome
30
What type of hay is high in calcium
alfalfa hay
31
other than hypercalcaemia, list 3 things that can cause bladder sludge or urolithiasis in small mammals
dehydration reduced movement improper voiding of the bladder
32
Other than urinary issues list 2 other consequences of persistently raised calcium in rabbits
dystrophic calcification (particularly in aorta and kidneys) hypermineralisation of the skeleton
33
Is hypocalcaemia common in rabbits
No
34
List 4 common endocrine disorders in reptiles
hypocalcaemia (MBD) hypercalcaemia hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
35
What are the 2 types of hypocalcaemia in reptiles
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
36
Describe how Nutritional Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in reptiles
calcium in diet too low PTH increases calcium mobilised from bone
37
Describe how Renal Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs
phosphorus increases in the blood due to lack of excretion PTH increases to fix the Ca:P ratio calcium mobilised from the bone
38
List 5 common causes of kidney disease in reptiles
Over-supplementation of vitamin D3 Malnutrition e.g. hypovitaminosis A High protein diet Kidney infections Chronic dehydration
39
List 5 common causes of low calcium in reptiles
low calcium in the diet incorrect Ca:P in the diet lack of UVB poor environmental temps lack of Vit D
40
List possible causes of hypercalcaemia in birds and reptiles
physiological increase in reproducing females can also be seen from hypervitaminosis D or excessive calcium intake occasionally can be from primary hyperparathyroidism and osteolytic bone lesions in reptiles
41
List 2 consequences of hypercalcaemia in birds and reptiles
soft tissue mineralisation nephrocalcinosis
42
what can kidney disease lead to in reptiles and birds
gout- uric acid build up
43
what reptile species most commonly gets uroliths
tortoises
44
List 4 common endocrine disorders in birds
medullary hyperostosis hypocalcaemia hypercalcaemia thyroid hyperplasia
45
what causes thyroid hyperplasia in birds
dietary iodine deficiency
46
Describe medullary hyperostosis
calcium storage in medullary bone changes pneumatic appearance to solid and dense material this is a normal finding in female birds on radiographs during reproductive activity
47
How soon before egg laying does medullary hyperostosis occur
6 weeks prior
48
why is total calcium no reflective of true calcium status
because it can be affected by a wide range of things measures ionised, protein-bound and complexed to anions
49
why is urinalysis not that useful in birds and reptiles
because you can not get an uncomtaminated sample
50
what can we test for on small mammal urine
USG and dipstick
51
can we do cystocentesis in small mammals
yes but it has a very high risk for peritonitis in hind gut fermenters
52
Describe how to diagnose insulinomas in ferrets
blood glucose samples if under 3.4mmol/L after a 4 hour fast - insulinoma
53
Describe how do diagnose MBD in birds and reptiles
total + ionized calcium whole body radiographs history
54
Describe how can we diagnose urolithiasis or bladder sludge
X-rays
55
Describe how can we diagnose hypercalcaemia in rabbits
ultrasound of kidneys X-rays of the spine
56
Describe how can we treat insulinomas
prednisolone +/- drugs to inhibit insulin secretion (diazoxide or a somatostatin analogue) surgical partial pancreatectomy diet changes - high protein and fat, low carb diet
57
Describe how can we treat MBD
Ca,cage rest, analgesia splint unstable fractures euthanasia Husbandry changes= correct temp, UVB Diet changes= correct diet for species, Ca/Vit D supplements
58
Describe how to treat bladder sludge in rabbits
treat underlying cause Fluid therapy treat any secondary infections husbandy changes - change diet, weight loss, increase water intake, encourage exercise, reduce stress
59
Describe how to treat uroliths in rabbits
cystotomy husbandy changes - change diet, weight loss, increase water intake, encourage exercise, reduce stress
60
Describe how can we prevent endocrine disorders in exotics
correct husbandry and diet appropriate medical and surgical intervention

12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions