Endocrine Disorderd

Question 1

It is a network of glands throughout your body that make hormones.

Answer 1

The endocrine system

Question 2

These are chemical messengers that travel through your bloodstream to your organs, tissues, and cells and regulate different bodily functions.

They are like a complex communication system that keeps everything working together.

Answer 2

Hormones

Question 3

It connects the nervous system and endocrine system; controls hormones from the central nervous sytem

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Question 4

It produces melatonin that regulates sleep

Answer 4

Pineal Gland

Question 5

It regulates metabolism and use of energy

Answer 5

Thyroid

Question 6

It produces testosterone that controls male puberty and ability to produce sperm

Answer 6

Testis

Question 7

It produces hormones that regulate blood glucose

Answer 7

Pancreas

Question 8

It produces estrogen that controls female puberty and progesterone that manages fertility

Answer 8

Ovary

Question 9

It produces hormones that help regulate metabolism and other body functions

Answer 9

Adrenal Gland

Question 10

It monitors and regulates growth hormones; also controls reproductive glands

Answer 10

Pituitary Gland

Question 11

It is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your lower neck, just below your Adam’s apple.

Answer 11

The thyroid gland

Question 12

The two active hormones secreted by the thyroid, and are iodinated derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine;

Answer 12

Thyroxine (T4; about 90% of output) containing four iodine atoms, and

Triiodothyronine (T3; about 10% of output) containing three iodine atoms.

Question 13

There are several different thyroid function tests, but the most common ones measure the levels of:

Answer 13

● Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
● Thyroxine (T4)
● Free thyroxine (FT4)
● Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 14

It is usually the first test done because it is the most sensitive indicator of thyroid function. It measures the level of TSH in your blood.

Answer 14

TSH test

Question 15

It is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4.

Answer 15

TSH

Question 16

It measures the level of total thyroxine in your blood.

Answer 16

T4 test

Question 17

It is the main thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland.

Answer 17

T4

Question 18

It measures the level of free thyroxine in your blood.

Answer 18

FT4 test

Question 19

It is the active form of T4 that can enter your cells and affect your metabolism.

Answer 19

Free thyroxine

Question 20

It measures the level of triiodothyronine in your blood.

However, this test is not usually done as part of a routine thyroid function test because the level of T3 in your blood can be affected by illness and other factors

Answer 20

T3 test

Question 21

It is a more potent form of thyroid hormone than T4.

Answer 21

T3

Question 22

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone, slowing down metabolism.

Answer 22

Hypothyroidism

Question 23

This is an autoimmune disease that is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.

It causes inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can damage the gland and reduce its ability to produce thyroid hormone.

Answer 23

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 24

This is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can be caused by a virus, bacteria, or a medication.

Answer 24

Thyroiditis

Question 25

It is a mineral that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone. Severe deficiency is uncommon in developed countries because table salt is iodized, but it can still be a cause of hypothyroidism in some parts of the world.

Answer 25

Iodine

Question 26

This is a rare condition that is present at birth. It can be caused by a number of factors, including a developmental problem with the thyroid gland or a lack of iodine in the mother's diet during pregnancy.

Answer 26

Congenital hypothyroidism

Question 27

This is the most common type of hypothyroidism, and it occurs when the thyroid gland itself isn't producing enough thyroid hormone.

Answer 27

Primary hypothyroidism

Question 28

This is a less common type that occurs when the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain, doesn't produce enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH tells the thyroid gland how much thyroid hormone to make.

Answer 28

Secondary hypothyroidism

Question 29

This is a rare type that occurs when the hypothalamus, a part of the brain located above the pituitary gland, doesn't produce enough thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH tells the pituitary gland to make TSH.

Answer 29

Tertiary hypothyroidism

Question 30

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): ○ Normal range:

Answer 30

0.5 to 5.0 mIU/L for adults

Question 31

T4 (Thyroxine): ○ Normal range:

Answer 31

0.7 to 1.9 ng/dL for adults.

Question 32

T3 (Triiodothyronine): ○ Normal range:

Answer 32

80 to 220 ng/dL for adults.

Question 33

Medications that can Increase TSH:

Answer 33

Dopamine agonists Steroids Somatostatin analogs Amiodarone Psychiatric medications

Question 34

Used to treat Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome

Answer 34

Dopamine agonists: levodopa, cabergoline

Question 35

It can temporarily elevate TSH levels.

Answer 35

Steroids: Prednisone and other corticosteroids

Question 36

Used to treat acromegaly and some neuroendocrine tumors

Answer 36

Somatostatin analogs: octreotide, lanreotide

Question 37

A medication used to treat certain heart rhythm problems can significantly alter thyroid function tests and requires careful monitoring.

Answer 37

Amiodarone

Question 38

commonly used for bipolar disorder, can raise TSH levels and sometimes cause hypothyroidism.

Answer 38

Lithium

Question 39

Medications that can Decrease TSH:

Answer 39

Levothyroxine Dopamine antagonists

Question 40

It is the synthetic form of T4 used to treat hypothyroidism.

Answer 40

Levothyroxine

Question 41

Medications used for nausea and vomiting (e.g., metoclopramide, prochlorperazine) can suppress TSH.

Answer 41

Dopamine antagonists

Question 42

Medications that can Increase T4 and FT4 levels:

Answer 42

Estrogens Steroids

Question 43

Medications that can Decrease T4 and FT4 levels:

Answer 43

Biotin supplements

Question 44

Medications that can Affect T3 Levels:

Answer 44

Androgens Glucocorticoids

Question 45

Synthetic thyroid hormone to replace missing hormone. Long-term treatment, typically taken daily on an empty stomach.

Answer 45

Levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levothroid)

Question 46

In cases where the patient’s body produces low levels of T3 and T4, we could give __ in the form of synthetic medications LT3 and LT4

Answer 46

hormone replacement therapies

Question 47

It is the active form of thyroid hormone. It directly affects cells throughout the body, influencing heart rate, breathing, digestion, and bone growth.

Answer 47

LT3 (liothyronine)

Question 48

It is an inactive form of thyroid hormone. The body converts LT4 into LT3 in the liver and other tissues. It is the primary hormone used in most thyroid replacement medications

Answer 48

LT4 (levothyroxine)

Question 49

An overproduction of thyroid hormone, causing the body's processes to speed up.

Answer 49

Hyperthyroidism

Question 50

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 50

Graves' disease (autoimmune) thyroid nodules excess iodine intake

Question 51

Pharmaceutical Treatments:

Answer 51

• Antithyroid medications (Methimazole, Propylthiouracil) • Beta-blockers (Propranolol, Atenolol • Radioactive iodine therapy • Thyroid surgery

Question 52

Decrease thyroid hormone production. Regular monitoring needed to adjust dosage.

Answer 52

Antithyroid medications (Methimazole, Propylthiouracil)

Question 53

Don't affect thyroid function but manage symptoms like rapid heart rate and tremors.

Answer 53

Beta-blockers (Propranolol, Atenolol)

Question 54

Destroys overactive thyroid tissue. May require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement later.

Answer 54

Radioactive iodine therapy

Question 55

In severe cases, removal of part or all of the thyroid gland. Requires lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Answer 55

Thyroid surgery

Question 56

This is the preferred medication for most people with hyperthyroidism. It can be taken once, twice, or three times a day depending on the dosage.

Answer 56

Methimazole

Question 57

This medication may be used in specific situations, such as during pregnancy or if you cannot tolerate methimazole. It's typically taken two or three times a day.

Answer 57

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Question 58

How They Work: ● Both methimazole and PTU interfere with the incorporation of iodine into thyroid hormones.

Question 59

A chronic condition affecting how your body regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels.

Answer 59

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 60

Body cannot produce insulin (hormone that regulates blood sugar).

Answer 60

Type 1 diabetes

Question 61

Body either doesn't produce enough insulin or can't use it effectively.

Answer 61

Type 2 diabetes

Question 62

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.

Answer 62

Type 1

Question 63

Genetics, lifestyle factors (obesity, inactivity).

Answer 63

Type 2

Question 64

● Measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in your bloodstream at a single point in time. ● Typically done after fasting for at least 8 hours, often overnight. ● Reflects your immediate blood sugar level and how well your body is regulating sugar after not eating.

Answer 64

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)

Question 65

● Measures the percentage of hemoglobin (protein in red blood cells) that has attached to glucose. ● Reflects your average blood sugar control over the past 2-3 months. ● Provides a broader picture of how well you've been managing your blood sugar levels over time.

Answer 65

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)

Question 66

Normal Ranges: ● Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS):

Answer 66

○ Normal: Less than 100 mg/dL ○ Prediabetes: 100 to 125 mg/dL ○ Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or higher (on two separate tests)

Question 67

Normal Ranges: ● HbA1c:

Answer 67

○ Normal: Below 5.7% ○ Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4% ○ Diabetes: 6.5% or higher

Question 68

○ Often used as a screening tool for diabetes or prediabetes. ○ May be used to monitor blood sugar control in people with diabetes, especially if they experience symptoms of high or low blood sugar.

Answer 68

Fasting Blood Sugar

Question 69

○ The preferred test for diagnosing diabetes by most healthcare organizations. ○ Used to monitor blood sugar control in people with diabetes and adjust treatment plans as needed.

Answer 69

HbA1c

Question 70

Injectable hormone to regulate blood sugar levels. Types and regimens vary depending on the type and severity of diabetes.

Answer 70

Insulin

Question 71

● Starts working within minutes (5-15 minutes) of injection. ● Peak effect is typically within 1-2 hours. ● Duration of action lasts for 3-4 hours.

Answer 71

Rapid-acting insulin

Question 72

Rapid-acting insulin Examples:

Answer 72

lispro (Humalog®) aspart (NovoLog®) glulisine (Apidra®)

Question 73

l● Starts working within 30-60 minutes of injection. ● Peak effect is typically within 1-3 hours. ● Duration of action lasts for 6-8 hours.

Answer 73

Short-acting insulin

Question 74

Often used to cover mealtime blood sugar spikes.

Answer 74

Rapid-acting Insulin

Question 75

Often used before meals to prevent blood sugar spikes.

Answer 75

Short-acting Insulin

Question 76

● Starts working within 1-2 hours of injection. ● Peak effect is typically within 4-8 hours. ● Duration of action lasts for up to 18 hours.

Answer 76

Intermediate-acting insulin

Question 77

Often used to provide background insulin coverage throughout the day or night.

Answer 77

Immediate-acting Insulin

Question 78

Intermediate-acting insulin Example:

Answer 78

NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) insulin (Humulin N®)

Question 79

● Starts working slowly, typically within 1-2 hours. ● Doesn't have a distinct peak effect. ● Duration of action can last for 24 hours or more.

Answer 79

Long-acting insulin

Question 80

Often used to provide basal insulin coverage throughout the day and night.

Answer 80

Long-acting insulin

Question 81

Long-acting insulin Examples:

Answer 81

glargine (Lantus®) detemir (Levemir®)

Question 82

● Newest type of long-acting insulin with an even slower onset of action. ● Provides consistent basal insulin coverage.

Answer 82

Ultra long-acting insulin

Question 83

● Starts working within 6 hours of injection. ● Doesn't have a distinct peak effect. ● Duration of action can last up to 42 hours.

Answer 83

Ultra long-acting insulin

Question 84

Ultra long-acting insulin Example:

Answer 84

degludec (Tresiba®)

Question 85

● Combinations of rapid-acting and intermediate-acting insulin in a single injection. ● Offers both mealtime coverage and background insulin. ● Ratios of rapid-acting to intermediate-acting insulin can vary depending on the product.

Answer 85

Pre-mixed insulin

Question 86

● May not be suitable for everyone and require specific dosing strategies. ● Examples: Humulin 70/30® (70% NPH, 30% regular), NovoMix 30® (30% aspart, 70% protamine aspart)

Answer 86

Pre-mixed Insulin

Question 87

Can help the body produce or use insulin more effectively. Combinations may be used.

Answer 87

Oral medications

Question 88

● This is a newer class of medication not typically considered an oral antidiabetic agent, but it's important to be aware of. ● They work by causing the kidneys to remove excess sugar through the urine. They are not taken orally and are a separate medication class.

Answer 88

SGLT2 Inhibitors

Question 89

● How they work: Enhance the body's natural incretin hormones, which stimulate insulin release and suppress glucagon secretion (glucagon raises blood sugar). ● Not technically classified as oral antidiabetic agents, but are sometimes taken orally.

Answer 89

DPP-4 Inhibitors (Incretin Mimetics)

Question 90

Delay the absorption of carbohydrates from the small intestine, leading to a slower rise in blood sugar after meals.

Answer 90

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Question 91

Improve insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues.

Answer 91

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)

Question 92

● How they work: Primarily work by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity in muscle cells. ● Example: Metformin

Answer 92

Biguanides

Question 93

● How they work: Similar to sulfonylureas, they stimulate insulin secretion but have a shorter duration of action. ● Examples: repaglinide and nateglinide

Answer 93

Meglitinides

Question 94

● How they work: Stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin. ● Examples: glimepiride, glipizide, gliclazide, and glyburide

Answer 94

Sulfonylureas