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metabolic disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

a broad term that encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting how your body processes and utilizes energy from the food you consume.

A

metabolic disorder

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2
Q

Types of Metabolic Disorders

A

Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
Fat Metabolism Disorders
Mitochondrial Disorders

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3
Q

These are genetic conditions where a missing or defective enzyme disrupts a specific step in the metabolic process.

A

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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4
Q

Examples of Inborn Errors of Metabolism:

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)
maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

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5
Q

These conditions affect how your body processes carbohydrates (sugars and starches) for energy.

A

Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders

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6
Q

Examples of Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders

A

Diabetes
Lactose Intolerance

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7
Q

These disorders disrupt the breakdown or utilization of fats. Examples include Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease

A

Fat Metabolism Disorders

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8
Q

Examples of Fat Metabolism Disorders

A

Gaucher disease
Niemann-Pick disease

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9
Q

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells, and dysfunction in these organelles can affect overall metabolism.

A

Mitochondrial Disorders

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10
Q

Causes of Metabolic Disorders

A

Genetic Mutations
Nutritional Deficiencies
Toxins or Medications

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11
Q

Inborn errors of metabolism are caused by genetic mutations that can be inherited from parents

A

Genetic mutations

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12
Q

Deficiencies in certain vitamins or minerals can sometimes contribute to metabolic problems.

A

Nutritional deficiencies

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13
Q

Exposure to certain toxins or medications can rarely disrupt metabolism.

A

Toxins or medications

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14
Q

It refers to an abnormal elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream.

A

Hyperlipidemia

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15
Q

Hyperlipidemia refers to an abnormal elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These lipids primarily include:

A

Cholesterol
Triglyceride

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16
Q

A waxy substance essential for various bodily functions, but high levels can contribute to atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries).

A

Cholesterol

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17
Q

The main storage form of fat in the body. Excess can also contribute to heart disease risk.

A

Triglycerides

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18
Q

There are different types of hyperlipidemia based on which lipids are elevated:

A

Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Mixed Dyslipidemia

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19
Q

High cholesterol levels, particularly LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.

A

Hypercholesterolemia

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20
Q

High triglyceride levels.

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

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21
Q

Elevated levels of both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.

A

Mixed dyslipidemia

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22
Q

Causes of Hyperlipidemia

A

Diet
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Genetics
Medical conditions
Medications

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23
Q

These medications help eliminate excess fluid from the body by increasing urine output.

A

Diuretics

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24
Q

Used to lower blood pressure and heart rate by blocking the effects of
adrenaline on the heart.

A

Beta-blockers

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25
A class of medications derived from vitamin A, used to treat various skin conditions like acne and psoriasis.
Retinoids
26
Medications that mimic the effects of the hormone cortisol, used to treat various inflammatory conditions like asthma and arthritis.
Corticosteroids
27
Synthetic hormones that promote muscle growth, sometimes misused for athletic performance enhancement.
Anabolic steroids
28
Medications used to treat schizophrenia and other mental health conditions
Antipsychotics (Second Generation)
29
Hormone therapy used for managing menopausal symptoms.
Oral Estrogen (Without Progesterone)
30
Medications that suppress the immune system, used to prevent organ rejection after transplants and treat autoimmune diseases.
Immunosuppresants
31
diuretics that are most likely to affect cholesterol and triglycerides.
thiazide and loop diuretics
32
33
Beta-blockers, particularly __, may slightly increase LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. However, their benefits in managing blood pressure often outweigh this side effect.
non-selective
34
Retinoids can increase triglycerides, especially at higher doses.
35
Long-term __ use can increase LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
corticosteroid
36
These steroids can significantly increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol, creating a very unhealthy lipid profile.
Anabolic
37
Some second-generation antipsychotics, such as __, can increase triglycerides and cholesterol levels.
clozapine and olanzapine
38
Taking estrogen alone (without progesterone) can increase triglycerides and decrease HDL cholesterol. Combination hormone therapy (estrogen and progesterone) usually has a less pronounced effect on lipids.
39
Some immunosuppressants, like __, can increase cholesterol levels.
cyclosporine
40
Consequences of Hyperlipidemia
● Chest pain (angina) ● Heart attack ● Stroke ● Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
41
Hyperlipidemia is usually diagnosed through a simple blood test. This test measures levels of LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol ("good" cholesterol), triglycerides, and total cholesterol.
lipid panel
42
It is the main type of cholesterol that builds up in your arteries and can lead to heart disease.
LDL cholesterol
43
It helps remove LDL cholesterol from your arteries.
HDL cholesterol
44
These are a type of fat in your blood. High levels of these can also increase your risk of heart disease.
Triglycerides
45
LDL Cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol):
Less than 100 mg/dL
46
HDL Cholesterol ("good" cholesterol):
40 mg/dL or higher
47
Triglycerides:
Less than 150 mg/dL
48
Total Cholesterol:
Less than 200 mg/dL
49
Age and gender can affect cholesterol levels. For example, HDL cholesterol levels tend to be naturally lower in women than in men.
50
Lifestyle modification Treatment for Hyperlipidemia:
Healthy diet Regular exercise Weight management
51
These are the first line of defense for managing hyperlipidemia
Lifestyle modifications
52
A group of prescription medications that are the cornerstone of treatment for high LDL cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol.
Statins
53
Statins work by inhibiting an enzyme in the liver called __. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the production of cholesterol by the liver.
HMG-CoA reductase
54
These statins have a shorter half-life (the time it takes for the medication level in your body to decrease by half). This means their cholesterol-lowering effect diminishes faster.
Short-acting Statins
55
Ex of Short Acting Statins
Lovastatin Pravastatin (immediate-release formulation) Fluvastatin (immediate-release formulation) Simvastatin (lower doses)
56
Dosage and Administration for Short Acting Statins
Typically taken once daily, often in the evening.
57
These statins have a longer half-life, meaning their cholesterol-lowering effect lasts longer.
Long-acting Statins
58
Ex of Long Acting Statins
Atorvastatin Rosuvastatin Fluvastatin (extended-release formulation) Simvastatin (higher doses).
59
Dosage and Administration for Long Acting Statins
Typically taken once daily, and the timing may be more flexible (morning or evening).
60
Bind to cholesterol in the digestive tract, preventing its absorption.
Bile acid sequestrants
61
Bile acid sequestrants bind to bile acids in the __. Bile acids are digestive fluids produced by the __ that help with __.
intestine liver fat absorption
62
By binding to bile acids, sequestrants prevent them from being reabsorbed back into the bloodstream from the intestine.
63
As the liver uses cholesterol to produce more bile acids, the overall LDL cholesterol level in the bloodstream decreases.
64
sequestrants available
Cholestyramine Colestipol Colesevelam
65
A powder form sequestrant mixed with water or juice before consumption.
Cholestyramine
66
Comes as a powder or tablet form, usually mixed with food or beverages.
Colestipol
67
Sequestrant available in tablet form, taken with or without food
Colesevelam
68
They work primarily by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha), a cellular receptor involved in regulating fat metabolism.
Fibrates
69
a cellular receptor involved in regulating fat metabolism
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha)
70
PPAR-alpha activation stimulates the ___ stored in fat cells ( __).
breakdown of triglycerides adipose tissue
71
PPAR-alpha activation increases the activity of ___, an enzyme that helps remove triglycerides from the bloodstream.
lipoprotein lipase
72
Fibrates are particularly effective in reducing high triglyceride levels, often by:
20-50%
73
Fibrates can be used in combination with statins to address both high LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
74
A commonly prescribed fibrate.
Fenofibrate
75
Another widely used option for fibrates
Gemfibrozil
76
Less commonly used fibrate in some countries.
Bezafibrate
77
An older fibrate, not as commonly used due to potential side effects.
Clofibrate
78
Can lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol, but can cause flushing as a side effect.
Niacin
79
A newer class of injectable medications for people with severe or hard-to-treat high LDL cholesterol. (e.g., alirocumab, evolocumab)
PCSK9 Inhibitors
80
Non-pharmacological Interventions:
● Smoking cessation ● Limiting alcohol consumption • Stress Management

CPP 2 (5 decks)

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