Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
endocrine
A
ductless
blood stream
2
Q
exocrine
A
ducts for transportation
3
Q
paracrine
A
secrete hormones for LOCAL effect
4
Q
pancreas
A
an example of a gland that is classified as all three types of glands
5
Q
pituitary
A
“master gland”
regulates most levels of hormones
anterior –> adenohypophysis
posterior –> neurohypophysis
6
Q
thyroid and parathyroid
A
metabolism
7
Q
adrenal
A
fight or flight
8
Q
pancreas
A
digestion and sugar metabolism
9
Q
gonads
A
sexual characteristics and reproduction
10
Q
thyroid hormones
A
thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
11
Q
thyroid hormone’s principal effects
A
increase cellular metabolism
facilitate normal growth and development
12
Q
parathyroid hormone
A
parathormone (PTH)
13
Q
parathyroid hormone principal effects
A
increase blood calcium
14
Q
pancreas hormone
A
glucagon
insulin
15
Q
pancreas hormone principal effects
A
increase blood glucose
decrease blood glucose
increase carb, fat and protein storage
16
Q
adrenal cortex hormone
A
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
17
Q
adrenal cortex hormones principal effects
A
regulate glucose metabolism
enhance response to stress
regulate fluid and electrolyte levels
18
Q
adrenal medulla
A
epinephrine
norepinephrine
19
Q
adrenal medulla principal effect
A
vascular and metabolic effect that facilitate increased physical activity
20
Q
gonad hormones
A
testosterone
estrogens
progesterone
21
Q
gonad hormones principal effects
A
spermatogenesis –> male sexual characteristics
female reproductive cycle and sexual characteristics
22
Q
5 general functions of endocrine system
A
differentiation of fetus
development
reproduction
homeostasis
fight of flight response
23
Q
where does the endocrine meet the hypothalamus
A
hypothalamic-pituitary surface
24
Q
what does inflammation of a gland result in
A
hypofunction
25
hyperthyroidism
excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
increased body metabolism
26
what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Grave's disease
increased T4 (autoimmune)
27
what do high levels of T3/T4 cause
TSH to be suppressed d/t negative feedback loop
28
hyperthyroidism manifestations
enlargement of thyroid
nervousness
heat intolerance
weight loss w/ increased appetite
sweating
diarrhea
tremor
palpitations
exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
intolerance to exercise
29
treatment hyperthyroidism
antithyroid medications
radioactive iodine
surgery
beta-adrenergic blockers
30
hypothyroidism
deficiency of thyroid hormone
decreased body metabolism
type 1 and type 2
31
type 1 hypothyroidism
thyroid is the issue
low T3/T4 and high TSH
32
type 2 hypothyroidism
pituitary/hypothalamus is the issue
low T3 and T4 and TSH
33
hypothyroidism manifestations
fatigue
cold sensitivity
fluid retention
forgetfulness
depression
dry skin/hair
edema
34
hypothyroidism treatment
increased activity and exercise (need to be cognizant of Rhabdo)
synthetic T3/T4
35
goiter hyperthyroidism
may be d/t lack of iodine, inflammation, or tumors
an increase in TSH thyroglobulin release into glandular tissue
hypertrophy of gland
36
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
37
types of thyroiditis
active suppurative
subacute granulomatous
lymphatic/chronic
38
acute suppurative thyroiditis
cause by bacteria pus forming
very rare
39
subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
caused by viral agents
uncommon
40
lymphotic/chronic thyroiditis
women are more affected (autoimmune basis)
destruction of thyroid (d/t infiltration of lymphocytes and antithyroid antibodies) decreased serum levels of T3/T4 stimulating the pituitary gland to increase TSH
begins w/ hyperthyroidism, after enough destruction, hypothyroidism develops
41
thyroid cancer
tumors are usually benign but make up 90% of all endocrine tumors
women are affected more than men
42
types of thyroid cancer
papillary
follicular
medullary
anaplastic
43
papillary thyroid cancer
most common
develops IN follicular cells
44
follicular thyroid cancer
slow
develops FROM follicular cells
45
medullary thyroid cancer
develops in C cells
5% of thyroid cancers
46
anaplastic thyroid cancer
rare
fast
poorly differentiated
47
red flag symptoms of thyroid cancer
vocal cord paralysis
ipsilateral cervical lymphadenopathy
fixation of nodule
48
treatment of thyroid cancer
removal of thyroid, hypothyroidism or possible damage to laryngeal nerve
49
when do you refer out for thyroid cancer
if you notice an asymptotic nodule or unusual swelling
50
what does the parathyroid do
secretes PTH to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism
calcitonin
vitamin D
51
what does PTH do
Ca and PO4 from bone (demineralization)
absorption of Ca and excretion of PO4 by kidneys
absorption of Ca in GI tract
targets osteoblasts therefore osteoclast activity
52
calcitonin and PTH
secreted by parafollicular cells
promote bone mineralization
53
vitamin D and PTH
increases Ca absorption
54
calcitonin actions
plasma Ca concentration
cellular uptake of Ca
renal excretion of Ca
bone formation
55
hyperparathyroidism
overactivity of parathyroid
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primary hyperparathyroidism
PTH and serum calcium
57
secondary hyperparathyroidism
d/t malfunction of another organ
ex: renal failure
58
tertiary hyperparathyroidism
exclusive to dialysis pts who have secondary hyperparathyroidism
59
manifestations of hyperparathyroidism
bone damage
hypercalcemia
kidney damage
60
treatment of hyperparathyroidism
surgical removal
fall/fracture prevention
61
hypoparathyroidism
insufficient secretion of PTH and low serum calcium
high serum phosphate
TETANY
62
latrogenic
acquired w/ hypothyroidism d/t accidental removal of gland or infarction
63
hypoparathyroidism manifestations
neuromuscular irritability
weak bones
64
hypothyroidism treatment
fall/fracture prevention
65
adrenal cortex outer cortex
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
androgens
zones
66
zones of outer cortex
zona glomerulosa --> mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
zona fasciculata --> corticosteroids (cortisol)
zona reticularis --> androgens
67
adrenal cortex inner cortex
epinephrine and norepinephrine
68
primary adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease
69
addison's disease
insufficient cortisol and aldosterone release d/t disorder w/in adrenal gland
metabolic disturbances and fluid/electrolyte imbalances
70
how do patients appear with addison's disease
bronzed or tanned d/t increased skin pigmentation
71
hallmark --> primary adrenal insufficiency
positive response to synthetic ACTH administration
72
treatment for primary adrenal insufficiency
DO NOT STRESS PATIENT
aquatic therapy contraindicated d/t low BP
73
secondary adrenal insufficiency
d/t disorder @ pituitary-hypothalamus unit or too rapid withdrawal of corticosteroid drugs
only cortisol deficient, aldosterone is normal
74
secondary adrenal insufficiency treatment
synthetic ATCH
75
adrenocortical hyperfunction
excessive glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens
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example of adrenocortical hyperfunction
cushing's syndrome
hypercortisolism
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cushing's syndrome
as a result of hyperfunction of adrenal gland
excess of corticosteroid medication or excess ACTH stimulation from pituitary
78
cushing's syndrome manifestations
poor would healing
thinning of skin
muscle weakness
osteoporosis
79
cushingoid apparence
buffalo hump
thin extremities
skin striations
moon face
high BP
80
Conn's syndrome
primary aldosteronism d/t adrenal lesion that results in hypersecretion of aldosterone
tetany
81
aldosterone effects on the body
tubular reabsorption of sodium and water
excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
82
hyperlipidemia
adipose tissue = endocrine gland b/c it stores triglycerides
obesity can lead to diabetes, cancer and inflammation
83
osteoporosis
most common metabolic bone disease
negative calcium balance (parathyroid affects calcium levels)
84
pharmacology of endocrine disorders
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
mineralocorticoid antagonists
85
glucocorticoid pharmacology
effects on glucose, protein and lipids metabolism
adverse effects: adrenocortical suppression drug induced Cushing's , breakdown of supporting tissues
86
mineralocorticoid pharmacology
aldosterone involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
adverse effects; HTN
87
diabetes mellitus
chronic, systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disruption of the metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins
insulin defects --> 1st issue is in the blood vessels that leads to other symptoms
leading cause of blindness and renal failure in adults
insulin transports glucose into the cell for use as energy and storage as glycogen
88
islet of Langerhans (diabetes)
a cells
b cells
d cells
f cells
89
a cells
secretes glucagon
near periphery
90
b cells
secrete insulin
central
91
d cells
secrete somatostatin
92
f cells
secrete pancreatic polypeptide
93
type 1 diabetes mellitus
deficiency of insulin production and secretion (may be autoimmune)
94
metabolic problems w/ DM 1
decreased utilization of glucose
increased fat mobilization
impaired protein utilization
metabolic ketoacidosis
95
DM1 manifestations
polyuria
polydipsia
weight loss w/ polyphagia
blurred vision
loss of beta cell function w/in 5 years
96
microvascular complications DM1
nephropathy
retinopathy
97
type II DM
combination of cellular resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response
more common in black, native, hispanic, mexican and asian Americans
98
metabolic symptoms of DM II
not as severe as type I
99
DM type II manifestations
abnormal thirst
urination
visual blurring
neuropathic complications
infections
significant blood lipid abnormalities
100
when do microvascular complications occur DM II
much later than type I
101
blood levels of diabetes
fasting glucose plasma is greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL after 8 hours of fasting
glucose tolerance test: after ingesting a sugary drink, pt is tested after an hour, greater or equal to 200 mg/dL
A1C is equal to or greater than 6.15%
102
complications of diabetes
atherosclerosis --> lipid accumulation in blood vessels
CV, retinopathy, nephropathy, MS problems, sensory, motor, autonomic neuropathy
limited joint mobilization --> collagen (glucose metabolite) get "stuck" and can lead to vascular disease ischemia
103
when should you screen for diabetes?
CDC --> 25
ADA --> 45
104
treatment of diabetes
insulin adverse effects --> hypoglycemia (glucagon is not used to treat)
drugs
treatment of neuropathy
105
drugs used to treat diabetes
Metformin
Incretin mimetics
Sulfonylureas and Benzoic acid derivatives
Biguanides and Thiazolidinediones
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Immunosuppressants
106
metformin
lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity
107
Incretin mimetics
increase insulin secretion by mimicking GI hormones
108
Sulfonylureas and Benzoic acid derivatives
: act on beta cells to secrete insulin
109
Biguanides and Thiazolidinediones
: inhibits glucose production
110
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
: delays glucose absorption by inhibiting sugar breakdown
111
immunosuppressants
: type I to fight autoimmune response that destroys beta cells
112
A Treatments of neuropathy
Aldose reductase inhibitors, anticonvulsants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
