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Third Exam for Patho > Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System
* _______ and development
* ______ differentiation
* Metabolism
* Adaptation to an ever-changing
environment
– Regulation of digestion
– Use and storage of nutrients
– Electrolyte and water metabolism
– ________ functions

A

growth

Sex

Reproductive

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2
Q

_____________
* Function as chemical messengers
– Move through the blood to distant target sites
– Can also act as paracrine or autocrine
messengers that incite more local effects
– Most are present in body fluids at all times in
greater or lesser amounts as needed

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hormones: Most are present in body fluids at all times in
greater or lesser amounts as needed

A
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4
Q

Characteristics
– A single hormone can exert various effects in
______________tissues.

A

different

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5
Q

A single function can be regulated by several
____________.

A

hormones

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6
Q

Hormones interact with ____________.
– Linked to an effector system in the cell

A

receptors

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7
Q

Hormones
Cell surface receptors
– These require 2nd-messenger mechanisms

A
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8
Q

Cellular receptors
– They modulate the synthesis of enzymes,
transport proteins, or structural proteins.

A
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9
Q

____________ actions
– Hormones acting locally on cells other
than those that produced the hormone
* Sex steroids on the ovary

A

Paracrine

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10
Q

_______________actions
– Hormones exerting action on the cells
from which they were produced
* the release of insulin from pancreatic beta
cells can inhibit its release from the same cells

A

Autocrine

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11
Q

Hormone Synthesis and
Secretion
* Protein and polypeptide hormones
are stored in cytoplasmic _____________
until secretion is required.

A

vesicles

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12
Q

___________ hormone are secreted upon
synthesis.

A

Steroid

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13
Q

Structural Categories of
Hormones
* Amines and amino acids
* Peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and
glycoproteins
* Steroids
* Fatty acid derivatives

A
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14
Q

Actions of Hormones Released
into the Bloodstream
* Circulate as ______, ________ molecules
– Usually peptide & protein hormones

A

free,unbound

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15
Q

Actions of Hormones Released
into the Bloodstream
Circulate attached to ____________
– Steroid & thyroid hormone

A

transport carriers

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16
Q

Factors Affecting Response of
a Target Cell to a Hormone
-______________ of receptors present
– Up-regulation
– Down-regulation

A

number

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17
Q

Factors Affecting Response of
a Target Cell to a Hormone
______ of receptors for hormones
– Affected by a number of conditions
– Example: the pH of the body fluids plays an
important role in the affinity of insulin
receptors

A

affinity

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18
Q

Hormone Receptor Interactions: 2nd Messengers
-Glucagon & Insulin
-Epinephrine
-Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Secretin

A
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19
Q

Hormone Receptor Interactions: Intracellular
* Estrogens
* Testosterone
* Progesterone
* Adrenal cortical hormones
* Thyroid hormones

A
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20
Q

Control of Hormone Levels
* Hormone secretion varies widely of 24 h
– ______and ACTH fluctuate with sleep-wake
– Female sex hormones – depends on day
* Secreted in a complicated monthly cyclic manner
– Insulin and ADH are regulated by feedback
mechanisms monitoring glucose & water resp.
* Many regulated by hypothalamus & pituitary

A

GH

21
Q

Control of Hormone Levels

  • Secreted in a complicated monthly cyclic manner
    – Insulin and ADH are regulated by feedback
    mechanisms monitoring _______ & ________ resp.
  • Many regulated by hypothalamus & pituitary
A

glucose and water respiration

22
Q

Hypothalamus
* Brain’s coordinating area for endocrine,
behavioral, and ANS function.
* It releases
– GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)
– Somatostatin
– Dopamine
– Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
– Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
* Many of these then affect pituitary

A
23
Q

Cells of the Pituitary Gland
Thyrotrophs
– produce thyrotropin, also called___________________ (TSH)

A

thyroid
stimulating hormone

24
Q

Corticotrophs
– produce corticotrophin, also called
___________________ (________)

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)

25
Q

Gonadotrophs
– produce ____________ (LH) and
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

leutenizing hormone

26
Q

Somatotrophs
– produces ____________ (_______)

A

growth hormone(GH)

27
Q

Lactotrophs
– produce ___________

A

prolactin

28
Q

Function of Pituitary Hormones
* Body growth and metabolism (GH)
* Function of the thyroid gland (TSH)
* Glucocorticoid hormone levels (ACTH)
* Function of the gonads (FSH and LH)
* Breast growth and milk production
(prolactin)

A
29
Q

Categories of Endocrine
Dysfunction
* Hypofunction
* Hyperfunction

A
30
Q

Causes of Hypofunction
-_________________
– Disruption in blood flow, infection,
inflammation, autoimmune responses, or
neoplastic growth
– Decline in function with aging
– Atrophy as the result of drug therapy or
unknown reasons
– Receptor defects

A

Congenital defects

31
Q

Causes of Hyperfunction
* Excessive stimulation and _________ of
the endocrine gland
– Hormone-producing tumor of the gland

A

hyperplasia

32
Q

_____________ disorders
– Originate in gland that produces hormone

A

Primary

33
Q

___________disorders
– Function is altered by defective levels of stimulating hormones
OR releasing factors from the pituitary system

A

Secondary

34
Q

_______________ disorders

– Result from hypothalamic dysfunction

  • Both pituitary & target organ are understimulated.
A

Tertiary

35
Q

Categories of Pituitary Tumors

  • Primary tumors
  • Secondary tumors
    – Metastatic lesions
  • Functional tumors
    – Secrete pituitary hormones
  • Nonfunctional tumors
    – Do not secrete hormones
A
36
Q

______________ tumors
– Do not secrete hormones

A

Nonfunctional tumors

37
Q

___________ tumors
– Secrete pituitary hormones

A

Functional

38
Q

_____________tumors
– Metastatic lesions

A

Secondary

39
Q

Manifestations of Hypopituitarism
* Usually occur gradually
* Can present as an acute and lifethreatening condition
* Symptoms
– Being chronically unfit
– Weakness and fatigue
– Loss of appetite
– Impairment of sexual function
– Cold intolerance

A
40
Q

Essential Hormones
* Required for Normal Body Growth or
Maturation
– ____________ (GH)
– Insulin
– Thyroid hormone
– ___________

A

growth hormone (GH)

Androgens

41
Q

____________________

Produced by somatotropes
Necessary for linear bone growth in
children
* Stimulates cells to increase in size and
divide more rapidly
* Enhances AA transport into cells
* Increases metabolism of fatty acids
* Decreases metabolism of carbohydrates

A

Growth Hormone

42
Q
  • ______________
    – Interferes with linear bone growth
    – Results in short stature or dwarfism
A

GH deficiency

43
Q

__________
– Results in increased linear bone growth
– Gigantism

A

GH excess

44
Q

__________ short stature
– Well proportioned and have a height close
to the midparental height of their parents

A

Genetic

45
Q

_____________ short stature
– Moderately short stature
– Thin build
– Delayed skeletal and sexual maturation,
– No other causes of decreased growth

A

Constitutional

46
Q

Causes of Short Stature
* Variants of normal
* Low birth weight
* Functional endocrine disorders
* Chronic diseases or malnutrition
– End-stage renal disease
– Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
* Chromosomal disorders
* Skeletal abnormalities
* Excessive glucocorticoid administration

A
47
Q

Tall Stature
* Constitutional tall stature
– A child who is taller than his or her peers &
– Growing at a velocity that is within the
normal range for bone age
* Genetically tall
* Others
– _________ syndrome
– Endocrine causes
* Sexual precocity: early onset of estrogen and
androgen secretion and excessive GH

A

Marfan

48
Q

Causes of Acromegaly
* Most common cause (95%)
– ______________
* Other causes (<5%)
– Excess GHRH secretion by other tumors
* hypothalamic tumors
* nonendocrine tumors
– small-cell lung cancers
– Secretion of GH by nonendocrine tumors

A

Somatotrope adenoma

49
Q

Effects of Growth Hormone Excess in Adults
* Overgrowth of the cartilaginous parts
Enlargement of heart and other organs
* Metabolic disturbances
– resulting in altered fat metabolism
– impaired glucose tolerance

A

Third Exam for Patho (16 decks)

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