Endocrine disorders

Question 1

normal level of T3 in the blood

Answer 1

0.8-2 ng/mL

Question 2

normal level of T4 in the blood

Answer 2

45-120 ng/mL

Question 3

normal level of TSH in the blood

Answer 3

0.4-4.5MU/L

Question 4

normal level of try in the blood

Answer 4

5-25 mU/mL

Question 5

2 main thyroid diseases

Answer 5

Hashimoto’s disease and Graves disease

Question 6

Hashimotos

Answer 6

underachieve thyroid

• thyroid being stimulated properly by TSH, however it is unable t produce enough T3/T4 for the body to function properly
• autoimmune thyroidistis causing iodine deficiency

Question 7

hormone profile of Hashimoto’s (underachieve)

Answer 7

• low T3/T4

- high TSH

Question 8

autoimmune nature of Hashimoto’s

Answer 8

• aut-reactive CD3+ T cells recruit B cells and CD8 T cells to the thyroid
• anti TPO Avs and anti-thyroid cytotoix T lymphocytes result in follicular cell destruction

Question 9

Graves disease

Answer 9

• over active
• hyperthyroidism
• too much T3/T4 is produced. Anti-TSH- R antibodies generated that mimic TSH and stimulate receptor after binding to it
• more T3/T4 synthesised

Question 10

hormone profile for overactive thyroid

Answer 10

• high T3/T4

- low TSh

Question 11

overactive thyroidism

Answer 11

metabolic rate increased

• oxygen consumption increase
• heat production increase
• protei synthesis increase

weight loss, heat intolerant,e tenor, tachycardia, muscle weakness, diarrhea

Question 12

underachieve thyroidism

Answer 12

metabolic rate slowed

• oxygen consumption decreases
• protein synthesis decreases

fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, bradycardia, slow reflexes and speech, dry skin

Question 13

primary endocrine disorder

Answer 13

-dysfucntion originates in the peripheral endocrine gland itself

Question 14

secondary endocrine

Answer 14

Under/over stimulation by the pituitary

Question 15

hyper function of the endocrine flanks my result in overstimulation by the pituitary gland, but is most commonly due to

Answer 15

hyperplasia or neoplasia of the gland itself e.g. tumour growth which produces more of the hormone

Question 16

ectopic hormone production

Answer 16

when cancerous tumours from other tissues can produces hormones

Question 17

exogenous hormone administration

Answer 17

hormone excess can also be due to exogenous hormone admin- taking extra hormones orally)

Question 18

antibodies can stimulate

Answer 18

peripheral endocrine glands e.g. hyperthyroidism in graves disease (primary)

Question 19

enzyme defects

Answer 19

increase stimulation- increase in hormone production

Question 20

physical disruption of peripheral gland

Answer 20

can also rapidly release stored hormones

Question 21

hyperaldosteronism

Answer 21

disorder in which the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone and too much is released into the blood

Question 22

primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 22

-due to problem with the adrenal glands which cause them to release too much aldosterone e.g. a non cancerous tumour growing on the gland and releasing aldosteorne

Question 23

levels of renin in primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 23

low e.g. will be providing negative feedback since blood pressure will be increased

Question 24

example of primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 24

Cons syndrom and additions

Question 25

cortisol deficiency in

Answer 25

primary hyperaldosteronism

Question 26

secondary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 26

caused by a problem elsewhere in the body using too much aldosterone to be released e.g. heart (ANP/BNP), kidney (renin) or high BP

Question 27

symptoms of hyperaldosteronism

Answer 27

high PB, low (k+), tiredness, headache, muscle weakenss

Question 28

hypoaldosteronism

Answer 28

an endocrinological disorder characterised y decreases levels of the hormone aldosterone

Question 29

hyporeniemic hypoaldosteronism

Answer 29

when there si a decreased production of renin

Question 30

primary hypoaldosteronism

Answer 30

- primary adrenal insufficiency - congenital adrenal hyperplasia - aldosterone synthase defence

Question 31

secondary hypoaldosteronism

Answer 31

- seocndary adrenal insufficiency | - disease of the pituitary or hypothalamus

Question 32

Psuedohyperaldosteronism

Answer 32

a medical condition which mimics hyperaldosteronsim, producing high B associated with low plasma renin activity and metabolic alkalosis associate with hypokalemia

Question 33

unlike hyperaldosteronism, Psuedohyperaldosteronism...

Answer 33

involves normal to low levels of aldosterone (hypoaldosteronism)

Question 34

what does psuedohyperaldosteronism cause

Answer 34

SAME | -syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess

Question 35

what can cause psuedohyperaldosteronism

Answer 35

Liquorice

Question 36

how do liquorice cause Psuedohyperaldosteronism

Answer 36

- inhibits the enzyme 11B-HSD2 - therefore cortisol is not converted to cortisone - cortisol can bind to the mineralcortiocoid receptor in the nucleus of principle cells - causing excess gene transcription of Na+/K+ pumps - causing excess sodium retention in the body, causing BP to increase

Question 37

what does 11-B-HSD2 do

Answer 37

converts cortisol to cortisone- which cannot cause a cellular epsonse

Question 38

receptor for both aldosterone and cortisol

Answer 38

mineralocorticoid

Question 39

both aldosterone and cortisol

Answer 39

when bound to mineralocorticoid receptors on DNA of principle cells, cause the gene transcription of Na+/K+ pumps- causing sodium retention and less diuresis, increasing BP

Question 40

cortisol basically acts as

Answer 40

aldosterone

Question 41

hypothalamic disease by result due to

Answer 41

malnutrition, genetic disorders, radiation, surgery, lesion, tumour or the physical injury to the hypothalamus

Question 42

the hypothalamus is the control centre for

Answer 42

several endocrine functions

Question 43

the hypothalamus releases

Answer 43

ADH, gondatropin releasing hormone, GHRH, oxytocin | - many of these hormones impact hypothalamus

Question 44

therefore if the hypothalamus is not working correctly

Answer 44

neither will the pituitary which controls the adrenal glands, ovaries/testes and thyroid glands

Question 45

tertiary endocrine disorder

Answer 45

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 46

secondary endocrine disorder

Answer 46

PITUITARY

Question 47

primary endocrine disorder

Answer 47

PERIPHERAL ENDOCRINE DISORDER