Structure and function of the NS- Spina bifida Flashcards
1
Q
split into
A
autonomic (sum and para) and somatic
2
Q
Spinal nerves are part of the
A
somatic nervous system
3
Q
how many pairs of spinal nerves
A
31- innovate different parts of your body
–> made up of sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons
4
Q
afferent
A
sensory
5
Q
efferent
A
motor
6
Q
Autonomic NS is made up of
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
7
Q
brain stem
A
autonomic NS
8
Q
sympathetic innovation
A
fight or flight- thoracolumbar
9
Q
parasympathetic
A
- rest and digest- craniosacrel
10
Q
autonomic NT
A
noradrenaline or adrenaline
11
Q
what innovates thoracic region
A
sympathetic
12
Q
what innovates neck and bottom part of the back
A
parasympathetic
13
Q
somatic
A
motor function
14
Q
main features of the somatic nervous system
A
- always 1 efferent motor neurone from CNS to target organ
- cell body in the CNS
- NT released from terminal bouton- alway ACh in somatic
15
Q
NT in somatic NS is always
A
ACh
16
Q
receptor on target organ in somatic NS is always
A
nicotinic - inotropic receptor (Na+ channel- ligand gated)
17
Q
bouton=
A
presynaptic knob
18
Q
do somatic neurones have pre-and post ganglionic neurones
A
no- just one efferent motor neurone
19
Q
sympathetic neurones structure:
A
1 short preganglionic neurone and a longer post ganglion neurone.
20
Q
sympathetic neurones always release … from preganglionic neurones
A
ACh- always an ACh nicotinic receptor
21
Q
sympathetic postganglionic always have an
A
adrenoreceptor (noradrenaline released from postgwanglonic neurone terminal bouton)-
22
Q
adrenoreceptor found on sympathetic post ganglionic neurone is
A
metabotropic- GPCR- longer response
23
Q
heart- sympathetic
A
B1 adrenergic receptor (GalphaS)- ionotropy, chemotrophy and luistropy
24
Q
luistropy
A
rate of mycardio relaxation
25
bronchiole- sympathetic
B2 adrengeric receptor (GalphaS)- relaxes
26
parasympathetic neurone structure
2 neurones cranial and sacral
- 1 long preganglionic neurone from CNS
- 1 short postganglionic neurone- ACh released
27
receptor on post ganglionic parasympathetic neurone is
nicotinic ACh
28
ganglia in parasympathetic neurone is found
near effector organ
29
what kind of receptor is found on parasympathetic target organ
muscarinic acetyl choline receptors- metabotropic- GPCR
30
M2 heart- relaxation
GalphaI
31
M3 exocrine glands
GalphaQ
32
GPCR
7 transmembrane
| 3 subunits-heterotrimeric, alpha, beta, gamma
33
GalphaS
activates adenylate cyclase- increase in cAM- activates PKA
34
GalphaI
inhibits adenylate cycle- less cAMP
35
GbetagammaO
activates K_ channels and inhibits Ca2+ channels
36
GalphaO
activates phospholipase C: increase in IP3
37
dermatomes
areas of the skin innovated by the 1 spinal nevers
38
C1 has no
dermatomes
39
CN X
vagus nerve (heart, stomach, small and large intestine and bronchiole tree)
40
CN III
eyes
41
CN VII
face
42
CN IX
mouth, taste, salivation
43
S2-S4
parasympathetic
| -pelvic splanchnic
44
T1-L3 (thoracic region)
sympathetic
45
peeing is
PARASYMPATHETIC
46
peeing uses the... NS
somatic
47
therapeutics for urinary incontinence
muscarininc M3 antagonists aka Anticholinergics
48
anticholingerics
muscarinic M3 antagonistics
49
external sphincter is under
voluntary somatic control
50
sympathetic nervous system ... the bladder
relaxes
| -detrsor muscle and this constricts the internal sphincter and stops us weeing- adrenergic receptors B2/B3
51
therapeutics for those who struggle to urinate
- alpha1- adrenoreceptors antagonists- relaxes internal sphincter- helps micturition if blockages e.g. enlarged prostate
- B3- adrenoreceptor agonist- enhances bladder agonists
52
micturition
peeing
53
innervation of bladder is
parasympathetic
54
parasympathetic nerves which innervate the bladder
pelvic, S2-3
55
bladder filling and emptying cycle
1) bladder fills--> detrusor muscle relax
2_ urethral sphincter contracts causing first desire to wee (bladder half full)
3) sympathetic innervation causes urination to be voluntarily inhibited until time and place is right
4) urination occurs when due to parasympathetic innervation the urethral sphincter relaxes
5) the detrusor muscles contract
56
how many ml in bladder
200-400ml
57
which receptors signal to S2, S3
stretch
58
sphincters
controls urine flow and maintains continence between voidings
59
is micturition a reflex
in infants- just a spinal reflex
in adults-spinal reflex, along with higher control
60
resting potential of membrane
-70mV- highly permeable to K+ and Cl-
61
refractory period
short period after an AP, in which another AP will not be generated- discrete
62
key points of AP
all or nothing, discrete unidirection
63
process of an AP
1) resting potential maintained by leak K+ current- highly permeable to K+ and Cl-
2) depolarisation- when membrane potential reaches the threshold, botlage gated Na+ are activated
3) more voltage gated Na+ open- AP
4) rapid depolarisation- Na+ channels inactivated and slower voltage gated K+ channels activated
5) voltage gated K+ channels can use an overshoot- hyperpolarisation
64
grooves in the brain
sulci, gyri and fissures
65
sulci
shallow grooves found on the cerebral cortex
66
gyri
ridges found on the cerebral cortex
67
fissures
deep grooves on the cerebral cortex
68
what protests the brain
meninges, skull and csf
69
meninges
three layers dura mater, arachnid mater an dpi mater
70
csf
cerebrospinal fluid- produced in the ventricles which surround and cushion the brain
71
primitive brain parts
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
72
midbrain
motor movement, such as eye movement and some auditory and visual processing
73
pons
connects upper and lower parts of the brain
74
medulla oblongata
sustains basic reflex functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
75
frontal lobe
voluntary movement, emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, problem solving
76
parietal
integrating sensory information: tough pressure, temp and pain
77
occipital
processing visual info
78
temporal
hearing, language recognition and memory formation
79
limbic
emotion, behaviour, motivation, LTM and olfaction
80
grey matter
outer layer of the brain made up neuronal cell bodies
81
white matter
inner layer the brain made up of myelinated axons
82
corpus callosum
largest of several bundles of nerve fibres- connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
83
basal ganglia
islands of great matter deep within the brain
84
limbic system is made up of
hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus and hippocampus
85
hypothalamus
responsible for functions such as monitoring body temp, nutrient levels, water-salt balance, blood flow, hormone lies and sleep wake cycle
86
amygdala
memory processing, decision making and emotional rections
87
thalamus
regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness
88
hippocamus
short term memory
89
what is a biomarker
a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological response
-clinical assessment
90
characteristic of biomarker
safe and easy to use, cost effective, modifiable treatment, consistent across gender and ethnic groups, rapid return of results
91
uses of biomarkers
- to detect severity or presence of a disease
| - to assess effectiveness of particular therapies
92
common biomarkers
proteins or peptides, antibodies, cell types, metabolites, lipids, hormones, enzyme levels, introduced substance
93
excitation contraction coupling
1) Motor Neuron releases ACh at neuromuscular junction and binds to receptors
2) Na+ moves into the cell initiating a action potential
3) Action potential propagates down into the T-tubule and alters the conformation of the DHP receptor
4) DHP is mechanically linked to RYR therefor when the shape of DHP changes RYR opens releasing Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm
5) Ca2+ binds to troponin causing Actin-Myosin binding
6) Myosin heads move together in the power stroke
7) Actin filament slides towards centre of sarcomere
94
myotomes
the group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates
| -used in diagnosis to test motor function of the nerve root. determine if there is a problem on the spinal cord
95
dermatomes
an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root
96
what is the NMJ
where a motor neurone and muscle can connect and an AP is translated into a muscle contraction.
97
action potential to muscle contraction
1) An action potential travels down a motor neurones bouton stimulating the release of ACh into a synaptic cleft, shared by sarcolemma (outer membrane containing myofibrils).
2) The sarcolemma is in turn stimulated by ACh.
3) This creates an action potential which travels along the sarcolemma, into T tubules.
4) Within these T tubules the action potential then stimulates RyR (voltage dependent channels)
5) The RyR channels send a signal through the terminal cisternae to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) which surround the myofibrils.
6) With the use ATP the signal causes Ca2+ release from calsequestrins within the SR. The Ca2+ is released into the sarcomere.
7) Resulting in a muscle contraction.
98
what occurs after powerstroke
calcium is pumped against conc gradient from cytosol back into the reticulum, with the help of Ca2+ ATPase. As conc of Ca2_ decreases troponin releases the calcium molecule. This causes tropomyosin to slide back intuit its original position- blocking the actin active sites. As the myosin heads uncouple from the actin molecule the muscle fibres relax to their original position with the help of elastic fibres found in the sarcomere and surrounding tissue
99
power stroke process
calcium ions bids tot he troponin molecules forming a troponin cas2+ complex thats conformation change causes tropomyosin to shift- exposing myosin binding sites on the actin units.
Myosin heads bind to the actin site and through the energy provided by the hydrolysis of ATP, perform the power stroke, pulling the actin filaments in to slide past eachother- resulting in the contraction of muscle
100
somatic ns is part of the
peripheral nervous system
101
Somatic ns is associated with
voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles
102
somatic nervous system consists of
afferent and efferent nerves
103
PNS is made up of somatic and
autonomic
104
Afferent
sensory
105
sensory neurones
responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the CCNS
-receptor picks up stimulus and from the environment and that stimulus is transformed into an electrical signal- single axon directly to the spinal cord
106
efferent nerves
motor
107
motor neurones
responsible for sending out direction from the CNS to the body. Dendrites and cell body of motor nerone originate in the spinal cord. Once the signal has been pick up by dendrites it sends it through the axon- through the PNS and to the axon terminal. Somatic neurone ends at effete muscle, where NT initiates muscle contraction
108
why is regeneration restricted in somatic cells
damage t the spinal cord rarely heals as the injured nerve fails to regenerate. The regrowth of their long were fibres is hindered by scar tissues
109
31 pairs of
spinal nerves (somatic)
110
12 pairs of
cranial nerves (somatic)
