Endocrine Disorders Notes

Question 1

Primary disorder-caused specifically by that thing

Secondary disorder-one step away

Tertiary disorder-two steps away

Question 2

Endocrine system is involved in growth and development, sex differentiation, metabolism, and adaptation to an ever changing environment

Question 3

Hormones function as chemical messengers

Question 4

Hormone that is released in one part of the body can go and have effects systemically in far away places

Question 5

Paracrine means something that is __________

Answer 5

near by

Question 6

__________ means it does it itself…so it effects on itself

Answer 6

Autocrine

Question 7

Hormones are generally present and few that are synthesized…most are circulating

Question 8

Insulin 3 major effects in 3 major organ systems and then a single function can be regulated by several hormones and we will see this as well and so another example glucagon if we want to increase our blood sugar…glucagon can do that and so can epinephrine and so can hydrocortisol depending on what the situation calls for sometimes function can be regulated by multiple hormones as well so hormone can effect multiple organs and multiple hormones can do similar function there’s not necessarily redundancy but an ability to do similar things

Question 9

Hypothalamus is hormonal control center and releases many of the hormones that will start the cascade that will gives us the eventual release we need. Hypothalamus acts on the pituitary and cause that to release another hormone in this hormonal cascade

Question 10

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is going to lead to thyroid stimulating hormone…there’s a stepwise thing you can see

Question 11

Estrogen and androgen controlled by __________ as well

Answer 11

adrenal cortex

Question 12

Hormones we classify based on structure

Question 13

Structure of a hormone and its underlying properties is based on that structure allow us to grow them in some different ways

Question 14

________,__________, norephinephrine are polar enough to travel throughout the body

Answer 14

Dopamine, epinephrine

Question 15

thyroid hormone is NOT polar and requires a ________

Answer 15

carrier

Question 16

Peptides, polypeptides, and proteins are able to move throughout the body pretty well

Question 17

Steroids are lipophilic and they are not very water soluble and they often need help…sometimes deficiencies could be due to a carrier issue that exists with steroids and estrogens and not so much with peptides and proteins.

Answer 17

Steroids

Question 18

Estrogen needs a carrier to move throughout the body
Estrogen binds to elements to get them around

Question 19

Hormones interact with receptors…and hormones are binding something to cause an effect and it has a result and the cell does something because that hormone is bound to it

Question 20

__________________:something on the cell surface and hormone binds to it, the cell surface receptor is on the surface but also underneath it straddles the cell membrane and the part that is underneath within the cell well then go off and do something so there’s an effect that occurs

Answer 20

Cell surface receptors

Question 21

Cellular receptors are things that occur inside the cell and transport proteins maybe they are modulating the synthesis of an enzyme…transport protein something affecting DNA…transcription…but these are able to get into the cell and they can have direct effects whereas anything going to the cell surface is going to bind that receptor and receptor is going to carry off some of that effects itself

Question 22

The receptor is going through the cell membrane…one part gets affected and then it causes it to change shape and conformation in some way and cause something to occur

Question 23

If hormone is going to cellular receptor it has to get to through the cell membrane itself in order to get there

Question 24

Which hormones are more likely to be intracellular? ____________

Answer 24

Steroid hormone

Question 25

Which hormones are more likely to be cell surface?

Answer 25

Peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones

Question 26

Peptides,polypeptides, and proteins are less lipophilic they can’t get through a cell membrane

Question 27

Steroid hormones are __________, they have a hard time getting through the blood but something is carrying them through the blood but then they can get through the cell membrane because lipophilic things can do that

Answer 27

lipophilic

Question 28

________ have other cells around them…they produce estrogens and other sex hormones they are in that localized area they don’t have to be sent throughout the body…it’s a localized effect

Answer 28

Ovaries

Question 29

_________ as its released has a function where it can go back and tell the beta cells and the pancreas to stop releasing insulin and that autocrine function in some ways would be an example of negative feedback and as I release insulin there is something that is telling the body to stop releasing it so I don’t release too much

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

_______ is when the cell releases the hormone is also affected by that same hormone, acting on self

Answer 30

Autocrine

Question 31

Negative feedback…endocrine cell increases its levels and so we just talked about the beta cell releasing insulin

Question 32

The beta cell releases insulin we are increasing the levels of insulin now in the blood how do we know how to turn that off and how do we make sure we don’t overdo these effects so insulin for example our blood sugar is too high and we don’t want our blood sugar to get too low either…we want to get it back to the normal range how do we make sure we don’t go too far? Well this target cell will produce a physiological response and then that physiological response is measured by the body…by the cell and the organs releasing that hormone and will say okay that’s enough…this response is strong and where we want it…the levels are trending where we want them too or they are where we want them to be stop releasing don’t go any further…a lot of our systems are under the control of negative feedback and there are very few things that we want to propagate and go exponentially and the only thing that comes to mind is coagulation where if you have a platelet aggregate it gets more platelets aggregated and more platelets to aggregate and you stop that in other ways but that’s one that’s an emergent situation where there’s a cut and its really starting to do something fast and build upon itself exponentially in general we don’t want that we want it to be controlled and so most things are controlled in this negative feedback manner

Question 33

___________is a hormone that is important for fight or flight response. Norepinephrine is stored and body has a system where it can be released quickly and give that effect…we don’t want to have to synthesis it that would take too long the bear would have eaten us by then

Answer 33

Norepinephrine

Question 34

Steroid hormones are longer term and not as emergent and made and used as necessary…part of this has to do with what the functions are

Question 35

Most hormones circulate as free, unbound molecules such as peptide and protein hormones

Question 36

Steroid and thyroid hormone circulate attached to transport carriers

Question 37

We see issues sometimes with thyroid hormones where hypothyroidism can occur not because the hormone level isn’t high enough but because the carrier is mutated or the carrier is low levels and you can’t travel throughout the body well enough and that’s why that’s important and there’s a reason that I’m pointing that out and that can have something to do with the disease if we don’t have enough of it

Question 38

If there are more receptors, is a response more or less likely to occur? _____________

Answer 38

More likely

Question 39

The more hormone you have the more likely you are going to see a response

Question 40

The less receptor you have the less likely you are going to see a response

Question 41

Metabolic acidosis for example some of the things that can be caused are hormonal effects or deficiencies

Question 42

Hormones that have 2nd messengers: ________ and insulin

Answer 42

glucagon

Question 43

Any of these hormones that don’t have a carrier are going to have some sort of interaction where they need a 2nd messenger because they are not going to be able to get into the cell very easily

Question 44

Intracellular…they will need a 2nd messenger they will bind to the cell surface receptor and that cell surface receptor will have a 2nd messenger usually its like calcium

Question 45

Different hormone levels are going to vary at diff.times throughout the day…so these hormones are not static.

Question 46

In the hypothalamus, the hormones have the key word “releasing hormone” in the word. Releasing hormones will go to the pituitary and cause pituitary to release things.

Question 47

Any shortage of pituitary hormones…panhypopituitarism…will affect all of the pituitary hormones and if your pituitary gland isn’t working overall…all of these functions if not more can be addressed

Question 48

Hypothalamus will release hormones…
thyrotropin releasing hormone comes from the hypothalamus and goes to the pituitary and pituitary will stimulate something and these are our stimulating hormones and it will go to the target gland which releases final hormone