Endocrine Dz

Question 1

Which cells in the pancreas make insulin and glucagon?

Answer 1

Beta cells make insulin, alpha cells make glucagon

Question 2

What can cause hypothyroidism?

Answer 2

Atrophy, lymphocytic thyroiditis, central endocrine issue

Question 3

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 3

Weight gain w/no diet change, lethargy, exercise intolerance, bilateral alopecia, poor hair coat, cold intolerance, mental dullness, repro problems if intact

Question 4

What are the 2 endocrine diseases that cause bilateral alopecia?

Answer 4

Hypothyroidism and Cushing’s disease

Question 5

Which animals commonly get hypothyroidism?

Answer 5

Female dogs

Question 6

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

Answer 6

Total T4 (80%), Free T4 (93%), enlarged thyroid, TSH

Question 7

Which animals get affected by hyperthyroidism the most?

Answer 7

Cats 8+ years old

Question 8

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 8

Hyperplastic thyroid or mainly benign adenoma

Question 9

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 9

Weight loss, polyphagia, vomiting, hyperactivity, unkempt, tachycardia, hypertension

Question 10

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

Answer 10

Enlarged thyroid, mild increased liver enzymes, elevated T4, T3 suppression test

Question 11

How is hyperthyroidism treated?

Answer 11

Methimazole, thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine

Question 12

Which animals get affected by diabetes mellitus the most?

Answer 12

Female dogs, 4-14 years old

Question 13

What is type 1 DM?

Answer 13

Insulin dependant, beta cells stop producing insulin, most common

Question 14

What is type 2 DM?

Answer 14

Non-insulin depandent, cells become resistant to insulin, rarer in dogs, makes up about half of DM in cats

Question 15

What are symptoms of DM?

Answer 15

PU/PD, polyphagia, weight loss, cataracts, dehydration, plantigrade stance in cats, UTI’s

Question 16

How is DM diagnosed?

Answer 16

Glucosuria, fasting BG >200 mg/dL, elevated liver enzymes, high cholesterol

Question 17

How is DM treated?

Answer 17

Diet high in protein, fiber, and complex carbs, consistent exercise, insulin,

Question 18

What happens during diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 18

Without insulin, body breaks down fat for energy, produces ketones as waste which causes acidosis, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Question 19

What are symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 19

Depression, lethargy, weakness, vomiting, dehydration, obtunded/coma

Question 20

How is diabetic ketoacidosis diagnosed?

Answer 20

Ketones in urine, glucosuria, decreased blood pH

Question 21

How is diabetic ketoacidosis treated?

Answer 21

Give fluids, bring down BG via short acting insulin or dextrose CRI, resume long acting insulin once ketosis is resolved and patient is eating

Question 22

What is insulinoma?

Answer 22

Tumor associated with beta cells, producing lots of insulin and causing hypoglycemia

Question 23

What are symptoms of insulinoma?

Answer 23

Seizures, weakness/collapse, ataxia, odd behavior, depression/lethargy made worse by fasting, excitation, exercise or stress

Question 24

How is insulinoma diagnosed?

Answer 24

Low BG <40 mg/dL, Serum insulin determination, which shouldnt be high while being hypoglycemic,

Question 25

How is insulinoma treated?

Answer 25

Remove tumor, can be given steroids, prevent hypoglycemic crisis

Question 26

How long do patients with insulinoma survive?

Answer 26

Less than a year after diagnosis

Question 27

What is Cushing's disease?

Answer 27

Hyperadrenocorticism, adrenal glands over produce gluccocorticoids either due to itself, steroids or pituitary gland

Question 28

Which animals get cushings the most?

Answer 28

Middle aged to older dogs

Question 29

What are symptoms of Cushing's?

Answer 29

PU/PD, polyphagia, panting, potbelly, endocrine alopecia, muscle weakness/lethargy, slow wound healing, repro problems

Question 30

What are the 2 drugs that can be used to treat Cushing's? What do they do?

Answer 30

Mitotane and Trilostane Milostane causes necrosis to portions of the adrenal gland, can have GI/neuro side effects and cause Addison's dz Trilostane inhibits the hormone needed for cortisol synthesis, can cause rare GI side effects

Question 31

What surgery can be performed to treat Cushing's?

Answer 31

Adrenalectomy

Question 32

What is Addison's disease?

Answer 32

Hypoadrenocorticism, underproducing gluccorticoids (cortisol)and mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) due to itself, pituitary gland or steroid drug withdrawal

Question 33

What electrolyte imbalance can Addison's cause?

Answer 33

Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia

Question 34

What are symptoms of Addison's?

Answer 34

Depression, lethargy, weakness, V/D, dehydration, obtunded/coma, PU/PD, bradycardia, weight loss/anorexia

Question 35

How is Addison's diagnosed?

Answer 35

Electrolyte abnormalities (Na:K ,27:1), ACTH stim test with low response

Question 36

How is Addison's treated?

Answer 36

Corticosteroid replacement w/steroids like prednisolone and prednisone, mineralocorticoid replacement w/Florinef (PO), or DOCP (IM Q25days)

Question 37

What are nursing protocols for Addison's?

Answer 37

Rehydrate, correct hypovolemic shock and electrolytes, requires hospitalization for stabilization

Question 38

Where is Lyme Disease most commonly seen?

Answer 38

NE states

Question 39

What organs does Lyme disease effect?

Answer 39

Lymph nodes

Question 40

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

Answer 40

Bacterial infection Through tick bite attached for >48hrs

Question 41

What are symptoms of lyme disease?

Answer 41

Lameness due to polyarthritis, rash at tick bite, anorexia, lethargy, fever, lymphadenopathy. Signs can develop weeks to months after exposure.

Question 42

How is Lyme disease diagnosed?

Answer 42

ELISA test, some distinguish antibodies from vx, some dont

Question 43

How is lyme disease and rickets treated?

Answer 43

Antibiotics like doxycycline, may not eliminate all bacteria and pt can be chronically infected.

Question 44

What 2 OTC meds can be given for tick prevention?

Answer 44

Frontline and NexGuard

Question 45

How is Rickets transmitted?

Answer 45

Tick bite, attached for 5-20 hours

Question 46

What are symptoms of rickets?

Answer 46

Fever, anorexia, lethargy, edema, ocular discharge, lameness/stiffness

Question 47

How can Rickets be diagnosed?

Answer 47

IFA of tissue biopsy for RMSF, titer test, ELISA test for monocytic ehrlichiosis