Endocrine Organs & Mammary Glands

Question 1

What is a common function for all endocrine organs?

Answer 1

Hormone synthesis

Question 2

How do the hormones made by the endocrine system different from the hormones made by the nervous system?

Answer 2

Hormones made by the endocrine system are released slowly but have much longer-lasting effects

Question 3

List the 5 primary endocrine glands

Answer 3

Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)
Pineal Gland (formerly epiphysis)
Thyroid glands
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands

Question 4

What are the organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions?

Answer 4

Pancreas
Ovary/Testis
Placenta
There are also endocrine cells in the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, and GI tract

Question 5

What is the place in the brain where the hypophysis (pituitary gland) is located?

Answer 5

Occupies a central depression of the stella turcica of the basisphenoid, known as the phypophyseal fossa (very ventral portion of the brain)

Question 6

The hypophysis is formed by what two parts?

Answer 6

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis

Question 7

What hormones does the adenohypophysis of the hypophysis produce? Is it connected by a portal blood system or a neural system?

Answer 7

Growth hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactine
** Connected by a portal blood system***

Question 8

What hormones does the neurohypophysis of the hypophysis produce? Is it connected by a portal blood system or a neural system?

Answer 8

Oxytocin hormone
Vasopressin hormone (antidiaruetic)
**Connected by a neural system

Question 9

The hypothalamus and adenohypophysis are connected by what?

Answer 9

Hypophyseal portal vascular system

Question 10

What is the main hormone secreted by the pineal gland?

Answer 10

Melatonin hormone (regulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles)

Question 11

Where is the pineal gland located within the brain?

Answer 11

Located in the middle of the encephalon the area known as the diencephalon (caudo-dorsal to the thalamus)

Question 12

What hormones do the thyroid glands produce?

Answer 12

Thyroxine hormones T3 & T4

Question 13

Where is the thyroid gland located within the throat?

Answer 13

Lies lateral to the trachea and caudal to the larynx

Question 14

What hormones do the parathyroid glands produce? How many parathyroid glands are there in the body?

Answer 14

Parathyroid hormone
Normally four, two in each side

Question 15

How do you differentiate parathyroid glands from thyroid glands?

Answer 15

Parathyroid glands are embedded in the thyroid gland but are pale in contrast with the red-brick color of thyroid glands

Question 16

What hormones do the adrenal glands produce?

Answer 16

Produce critical homones:
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Androgens

Question 17

Where are adrenal glands located?

Answer 17

Retroperitoneal, located craniomedially to the kidneys cranial pole

Question 18

What are some products of exocrine glands?

Answer 18

Sweat
Lacrima (tears)
Saliva
Digestive Juices
Milk

Question 19

Dogs normally have _______ pairs of mammary glands. Cats have _________ pairs.

Answer 19

Five
Four

Question 20

Each dog mammary gland has ________ openings. Cats have ________ openings.

Answer 20

10-12
4-8