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Physiology Block 8 > Endocrine Pancreas And Parathyroid > Flashcards

Endocrine Pancreas And Parathyroid Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is the pancreas an organ of

A

The GI system

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2
Q

What kind of functions do the pancreas have

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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3
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

Releases hormones involved in blood sugar homeostasis

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4
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas

A

Releases digestive juices into the small intestine

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5
Q

What are the pancreas cells grouped in

A

Endocrine pancreas cells are in tight groups called islets of langerhans

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6
Q

What are in the islets of langerhans

A

Many different cells release various hormones

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7
Q

What is insulin released by

A

Beta cells

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8
Q

What is glucagon released by

A

A cells

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9
Q

What is somatostatin released by

A

Delta cells

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10
Q

What is pancreatic peptide released by

A

F cells

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11
Q

What is grehlin released from

A

Epsilon cells

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12
Q

What are the different hormones released by the pancreas

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
  • pancreatic polypeptide
  • grehlin
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13
Q

How do the cells of the endocrine pancreas communicate

A

Gap junctions

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14
Q

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the pancreas cannot make insulin. Which type of cell is responsible for insulin production

A

Beta

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15
Q

What does insulin consist of

A

A chain, B chain, and C chain

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16
Q

What happens to insulin during production

A

C chain is removed

-secreted with insulin when its released

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17
Q

What’s a good way to tell the difference between type 1 and type II diabetes

A

C chain levels in the blood

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18
Q

What kind of diabetes would there be no C chain in the blood

A

Type 1

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19
Q

What kind of diabetes would there be high levels of C chains in the blood

A

Diabetes 2

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20
Q

Where is insulin degraded

A

By the liver

-the A and B chains are separated and excreted in the urine

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21
Q

When is insulin released

A

When blood glucose is high

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22
Q

What transports glucose into B cells

A

GLUT2

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23
Q

What happens to glucose when it is transported into the B cells

A

Oxidized to produce ATP

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24
Q

What does high levels of ATP levels during glucose being taken into the cell cause

A

ATP sensitive K+ channels to close, and less K leaving cell causes depolarization, which opens Ca2+ channels

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25
What does the opening of the Ca channels do when the K channels close after glucose being brought into the cell
Ca2+ causes exocytosis of insulin into the bloodstream
26
How does insulin signal through
A receptor tyrosine kinase mechanism
27
What happens through the receptor tyrosine kinase mechanism for insulin
- insulin binds receptor - receptors phosphorylate themselves and become active - phosphorylate other proteins inside the cell - other activated proteins affect cellualr function - receptor is then internalized and destroyed
28
What does insulin cause
Storage of excess energy
29
Insulin dependent glucose transporters
GLUT4
30
How does insulin decrease blood glucose
- causes GLUT4 to be inserted in the cell membranes - glocuse is taken up by the cells and stored as glycogen - reduces gluconeogensis
31
How does insulin decrease blood fat levels
- inhibits lipolysis | - reduces ketoacidosis production
32
How does inclusion decrease blood amino acid levels
Increases protein synthesis
33
Insulin and K+
Causes K+ to be taken up in the cells | -pulls K out of blood and into cells, increases K uptake into the cells
34
What could be a good treatment for hyperkalemia
Insulin
35
How does insulin affect the hypoathalamic satiety
Makes you feel less hungry
36
Action of insulin
- increases glucose uptake into the cells - increases glycogen formation - decreases glycogenolysis - decreases gluconeogensis - increases protein synthesis (anabolic) - increases fat deposition - decreases lipolysis - increases K+ uptake into cells
37
What is the effect of insulin on blood levels
- decreased blood glucose levels - decreases AA cxn in blood - decreases FA cxn in blood - decreases ketoacidosis in blood - decreased K+ cxn in blood
38
Uncontrolled blood glucose due to loss of insulin production or function
Diabetes Mellitus
39
Uncontrolled blood glucose due to loss insulin production
Insulin depend, Type 2, juvenile
40
Uncontrolled blood glucose due to loss of insulin function
Non insulin dependent diabetes, type II, adult
41
Type 1 diabetes or juvenile diabetes
Insulin dependent diabetes
42
What is insulin dependent diabetes (type I, juvenile)
- autoimmune destruction of B cells - no insulin produced - increases blood glucose, lipids, and proteins - muscle wasting - diabetic ketoacidosis due to utilization of fast as energy stores - diuresis, acidosis, and hyperkalemia
43
Treatment for insulin dependent diabetes (type I or juvenile)
Lifelong insulin therapy
44
What is non-insulin dependent diabetes (type II or adult)
- loss of insulin sensitivity due to chronic high levels of blood glucose (insulin resistance) - make insulin, body does not respond to it - usually in older, obese, hypertensive individuals - retinal problems due to loss of autoregulation of blood flow
45
Treatment for non-insulin dependent diabetes
- lose weight, exercise | - metformin-increase number of insulin receptors
46
What is insulin deficiency the same as
Glucagon excess
47
Insulin excess
Hypoglycemia crisis | -can occur in diabetics if they over medicate
48
Which of the following would be a consequence of acute hyperinsulinemia in a normal person
Hypokalemia
49
What does glucagon function as
Opposing force to insulin
50
What does glucagon promote
Mobilization and utilization of energy storage
51
Glucagon storage
Stored until release is stimulated
52
What stimulates the release of glucagon
- Reduced blood sugar - meals rich in protein stimulate its release unless glucose is also ingested - prolonged fasting or exercise
53
What inhibits glucagon stimulators factors of glucagon
- fasting - decreased glucose concentration - increased AA cxn - cholecystokinin (CCK) - B-adrenergic agonists - acetylcholine
54
Inhibitory factors of glucagon
- insulin - somatostatin - increased FA and ketoacid cxn
55
How does glucagon work
Acts through Gs (cAMP) receptor - increases blood glucose - increases gluconeogenesis - increases glyconeogenolysis - increases lipolysis
56
Hyperglucagonmia
- rare - too much glucagon - weight loss - high blood glucose - can result in T2 diabetes - necrolytic migratory erythema-dry crusty, cracked inflamed skin usually around the lips and face
57
What is somatostatin produced by
Delta cells
58
What is another name for somatostatin
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
59
What is somatostatin stimulated by
Ingestion of any food source
60
What does somatostatin inhibit
Secretion of insulin and glucagon
61
What does somatostatin do
Modulates response to ingested meal
62
What produces pancreatic polypeptide
F cells
63
What does pancreatic polypeptide do
Acts to regulate all pancreas functions
64
When is pancreatic polypeptide increased
After a protein meal, fasting, exercise
65
What decreases pancreatic polypeptide
Somatostatin
66
What is ghrelin produced by
Epsilon cells
67
This is the hunger hormone- released when staunch is empty, promotes feelings of hunger
Ghrelin
68
What does ghrelin inhibit
Secretion of insulin
69
What are the parathyroid glands
4 glands under the thyroid gland
70
What hormone does the parathyroid release
PTH
71
What is responsible for calcium homeostasis
PTH along with calcitonin and vitamin D
72
What must happen to maintain normal calcium blood levels
Must balance ingested calcium with excretion to maintain normal calcium blood levels, necessary for bone and cell communication
73
What hormones increase blood calcium levels
PTH and vit D
74
What hormone reduces blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
75
Where is PTH made and stored
Parathyroid
76
When is PTH released
When free Ca levels are low
77
What is most calcium bound to
Albumin, changing albumin and pH can change Ca2+ levels
78
What does the PTH function on the kidney to do
Increase phosphate excretion (PCT) and calcium reabsorption (DCT) -reduced blood phosphate levels allowing calcium to stay in solution
79
What does PTH do ultimately
Dissolve bone and activated vit D to allow for better absorption of dietary calcium
80
What causes hyperparathyroidism
Generally from parathyroid tumors
81
Primary hyperparathyroidism
- too much PTH - hypercalcemia - weakened bones - hypophosphatemia
82
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
- usually due to renal failure - vit D must be activated in kidney - hypocalcemia due to failed dietary absorption - weakened bones
83
Hypoparathyroidism
- usually due to thyroid removal - hypocalcemia - hypophosphatemia
84
Released by the C cells of the thyroid
Calcitonin
85
Between PTH, vit D, and calcitonin, which is not necessary for humans
Calcitonin
86
What does calcitonin do
- inhibits bone breakdown - increases phosphate excretion (PCT) - reduced Ca2+ reabsorption (DCT)
87
What is necessary for calcium reabsorption form diet
Vit D
88
Lack of vit D
Causes weak bones | -Rickets
89
How do you produce active vit D
Need exposure to UV light and functioning kidneys
90
What increases the production of vit D
PTH

Physiology Block 8 (7 decks)

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