Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology Block 8 > Intro To Hormone Synthesis, And Organization Of Endocrine > Flashcards

Intro To Hormone Synthesis, And Organization Of Endocrine Flashcards

(103 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the endocrine system maintain

A

Homeostasis, assisted with the neurvous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which is longer lasting? Nervous system or endocrine system

A

Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which is slower, nervous system or endocrine system

A

Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A 
Hypothalamus
anterior and posterior pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenals
gonads
Placenta
Pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some organs with endocrine functions but are not considered endocrine organs

A

Kidney
Heart
Gut
Adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the endocrine system work

A

Controls through release of hormones into the body. Bind to receptors on target cells and elicit a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autocrine

A

Hormone can directly affect the secreting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Paracrine

A

Hormone can affect a nearby cell (cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormone can affect distance cells by secretion in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are hormones characterized

A

Peptides and proteins
Steroids
Amines

Depends on receptor and mechanism of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of the following differentiates the nervous from the endocrine system

A

Nervous responses are generally short acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the largest class of hormones

A

Peptide and protein hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are peptide and proteins hormones produced by

A

Endocrine cells and stores in the secretory vesicles until needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is peptide and proline hormone secretion in response to

A

Stimulus

  • sensed by endocrine cells
  • causes release of pre-made hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What must peptide and protein hormones do to have an effect

A

They must bind to a cell surface receptor on target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the hypothalamus

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • somatostatin
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the peptide hormones of f hte anteiror pituitary gland

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • lutenizing hormone (LH)
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the posteiror pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the peptide hormone of the thyroid

A

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the peptide hormone of the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the placenta

A
  • human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

- human placental lactogen (HPL), or human chorionic somatomammotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the pancreas

A
  • insulin (B cells)

- glucagon (a cells )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the peptide hormone of the kidney

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A
  • peptide hormone
  • from hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- peptide hormone - hypothalamus - stimulates secretion of ACTH
26
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- peptide - hypothalamus - stimulates the secretion if LH and FH
27
Somatostatin
- peptide - hypothalamus - inhibits secretion of growth hormone
28
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
- peptide - hypothalamus - stimulates secretion of growth hormone
29
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
30
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes - stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
31
Growth hormone
- peptide - anteiror pituitary - stimulates proline synthesis and overall growth
32
Prolactin
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates milk production and secretion in breasts
33
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)
34
Oxytocin
- peptide - posterior pituitary - stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
35
Vasopressin (ADH)
- peptide - posterior pituitary - stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles
36
Calcitonin
- peptide - thyroid - decreases serum calcium
37
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- peptide - parathyroid - increases serum Ca
38
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
- peptide - placenta - stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus Luteum of early pregnancy
39
Human placental lactogen (HPL) or human chorionic somatomammotropin
- peptide - placenta - has growth hormone like and prolactin like actions during pregnancy
40
Insulin (B-cells)
- peptide - pancreas - decreases blood sugar
41
Glucagon (a cells)
- peptide - pancreas - increases blood sugar
42
Renin
- peptide - kidney - catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
43
What kind of hormones are derivatives of cholesterol
Steroid hormones
44
What kind of receptors do steroid hormones deal with
- NO EXTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS | - diffuse across the cell membrane and bind intrcellular receptors either in the nucleus or the cytosol
45
How do steroid receptors work
They bind intracellularly and initiate changes in transcription and translation -direct production of new proteins
46
What is the speed of steroid hormones compared to the other classes of hormones
Slower
47
What are the steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex
- cortisol (glucocorticoids) - aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) - dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (adrenal androgens)
48
What are the steroid hormones of the testes
Testosterone
49
What are the steroid hormones of the ovaries
- estradiol | - progesterone
50
What are the steroid hormones of the corpus luteum
Estradiol | Progesterone
51
What are the steroid hormones of the placenta
Estradiol | Progesterone
52
What are the steroid hormones of the kidney
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
53
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
- steroid - adrenal cortex - stimulates gluconeogensis; inhibits inflammatory response; suppresses immune response; enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
54
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
- steroid - adrenal cortex - increases renal Na reabsorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion
55
DHEA and androstenedione (adrenal androgen)
- steroid - adrenal cortex - stimulates spermatogensis; stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
56
Testosterone
- steroid - testes - stimulates spermatogenesis; stimulates secondary male sex characteristics
57
Estradiol
- steroid - ovaries, corpus luteum, placenta - stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of mentrsual cylce, development of breasts, prolactin secretion; maintains pregnancy
58
Progesterone
- steroid - ovaries, corpus luteum, placenta - stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle; maintains pregnancy
59
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
- steroid - kidney - increases intestinal absorption of Ca; bone mineralization
60
What is the smallest class of hormones
Amine hormones
61
How are amine hormones produced
By metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine
62
What must amine hormones do
Must bind to a cell surface receptor on target cell to have an effect -target cell can upregulate or down regulate receptor expression to modify response
63
What is weird about thyroid hormone
An amine hormone that signals like a steroid | -binds an intracellular receptor
64
What is the amine hormone for the hypothalamus
Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)
65
What is the amine hormone from the thyroid
T3 and T4
66
What is the amine hormone from the adrenal medulla
Norepinephrine, epinephrine
67
Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)
- amine - hypothalamus - inhibits secretion of prolactin
68
T3 and T4
- amine - thyroid - stimulates skeletal growth; oxygen consumption; heat production; protein, fat, and carb utilization; perinatal maturation of the central nervous system
69
Norepinephrine, epinephrine
- amine - adrenal medulla - SNS function
70
Which of the following is both a hormone and NT
Epinephrine
71
How do target cells regulate hormone response
They can alter the number or affinity of receptors to modulate response
72
How well the receptor binds the hormone
Affinity
73
This gets a response at a lower hormone concentration
High affinity
74
This gets a response only at high hormone concentrations
Low affinity
75
Less receptors available
Less of a response
76
Insulin in DM2
High affinity normally | Cells stop paying attention, decreased affinity
77
How are most hormones released
In response to another hormone
78
What is the axis of hormones
Most hormones are released in response to another hormone TRH causes release of TSH which causes release of T3/4 Multiple layers of control on hormone release
79
What kind of control are most hormone axes
Negative feed back TSH inhibits TRH T3/4 inhibits TSH and TRH
80
What is the main area where there is a positive feedback
In female reproductive system | -leads to ovulation
81
What is the steroid hormone mechanism
Binds an intracellular receptor and generates a second messenger
82
Hormones that bind extracellular receptors
Immediate action and long term affect
83
Hormones that bind intracellular receptors
Long term affect, slower
84
What are the second messengers used
cAMP/cGMP IP3 and Ca2+ Receptor tyrosine kinase
85
What do the second messengers that were activated by the hormones do
Activate downstream kinases and phosphatases Add/remove phosphate from protein to alter function
86
Which of the following hormones has to bind an intracellular receptor to cause an affect
Progesterone
87
Which of the following hormones has to bind an extracellular receptor to cause an effect
Growth hormone
88
What pathway do growth hormone and insulin use
Tyrosine kinase receptors
89
What connects the nervous system to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
90
What are the two divisions of the pituitary
Posterior (neural tissue) | Anterior (glandular tissue)
91
Posterior pituitary
Is the axons and nerve endings of neurons in the hypothalamus - release hormones made in the cell bodies - doesn't directly make any hormones - ADH, oxytocin
92
Anterior pituitary
- glandular tissue - receives blood supply after it has passed through hypothalamus - hypothalamus releases hormones into the primary plexus caps - stimulates anterior pituitary to release hormones into the blood stream - directly produces and releases hormones
93
What part of the pituitary gland directly produces and releases hormones
Anterior
94
What controls the anteiror pituitary
Hypothalamus via blood supply
95
What is the endocrine axis
Hypothalamus controls the pituitary which controls the actually gland
96
How is dysfunction of the endocrine axis determined
From the secreting gland and the secreted hormone
97
Primary dysfunction
Secreting gland is to blame, the rest is fine
98
Secondary dysfunction
The pituitary is to blame, the rest is fine
99
Tertiary dysfunction
Hypothalamus is the blame, the rest is fine
100
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Adrenals make cortisol
101
Hypothtlamic -pituitary-thyroid axis
Thyroid makes T3/T4
102
Hypothtlamic-pituitary-gland axis
- gonads make sex hormones - testosterone (males) - estrogens (females)
103
A disease in which the T3/T4 levels are low, while TSH and TRH levels are very high would be characterized as a
Primary hypothyroidism

Physiology Block 8 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions