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Histology - Exam 4 > Endocrine - Part 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine - Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what glands/cells compose the endocrine system?

A
  • pituitary (adenohypophysis)
  • adrenal (suprarenal) glands
  • thyroid
  • parathyroids
  • pineal gland
  • islets of langerhans
  • DNES (enteroendocrine cells of intestine, heart, kidney)
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2
Q

where is the pituitary gland attached?

A

attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum

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3
Q

what is the glandular portion of the pituitary called and where does it come from?

A

adenohypophysis - from ectoderm of primitive oral cavity

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4
Q

what is the neural portion of the pituitary called and where does it come from?

A

neurohypophysis - from neuroectoderm

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5
Q

divisions of the adenohypophysis

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
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6
Q

divisions of neurohypophysis

A
  • pars nervosa

- infundibulum

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7
Q

what makes up the anterior lobe of pituitary?

A

pars distalis + pars tuberalis

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8
Q

what makes up posterior lobe of pituitary?

A

pars nervosa + pars intermedia

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9
Q

describe control of secretion by adenohypophysis

A

hypothalamic nuclei -> peptide hormones into primary capillary plexus of infundibulum -> stimulate and inhibit release of hormones by anterior pituitary

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10
Q

what stimulatory hormones are released by the adenohypophysis?

A

for:
- thyrotropin
- gonadotropin
- somatostatin
- growth hormone
- corticotropin

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11
Q

what inhibitory hormone is released by the adenohypophysis?

A

to inhibit prolactin release

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12
Q

what two arteries supply the hypophysis?

A

superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries

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13
Q

what do the inferior hypophyseal arteries primarily supply?

A

pars nervosa

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14
Q

what do the superior hypophyseal arteries supply?

A
  • median eminence
  • upper infundibulum
  • lower infundibulum via connection to inferior hypophyseal arteries
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15
Q

describe ends of arteries supplying median eminence and infundibulum?

A

end in capillary plexuses

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16
Q

what drains areas hypophyseal areas supplied by plexuses?

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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17
Q

composition of pars distalis (overall + 7 cell types)

A

secretory cells w/i CT stroma w/ fenestrated capillaries:

  • chromophobes
  • undifferentiated nonsecretory cells
  • degranulated chromophils w/ few granules
  • CT/follicular cells
  • chromophiles
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18
Q

describe pars distalis chromophobes

A
  • stain poorly: look white/clear

- 3 subpopulations = about 50% of cells

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19
Q

describe pars distalis follicular cells

A
  • form a stromal network to support chromophil cells

- may have phagocytic fxn

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20
Q

pars distalis chromophiles: acidophilic vs. basophilic

A

acid: stain w/ eosin and orange-G, NOT w/ PAS
baso: stain w/ hematoxylin, basic dyes

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21
Q

pars distalis acidophils: secretion

A

peptide hormones

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22
Q

pars distalis acidophils: size compared to basophils

A

smaller than basophils, more granules

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23
Q

pars distalis acidophils: somatotroph secretions

Study These Flashcards
A

GH, somatotropin (growth hormone)

24
Q

pars distalis acidophils: control of somatotrophs

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A
  • GH-releasing factor

- GH-inhibiting factor (somatostatin)

25
pars distalis acidophils: mammotroph secretions
- prolactin (to stimulate and maintain lactation) | - numbers increase during lactation
26
pars distalis acidophils: control of mammotrophs
- thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) | - prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine)
27
pars distalis basophils: secretion
glycoprotein hormones (PAS+)
28
pars distalis basophils: gonadotroph secretions
1. FSH | 2. LH
29
function of FSH
- stimulates development of ovarian follicles | - acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate production of ABP
30
function of LH
- stimulates steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles and corpus luteum - controls rate of testosterone synthesis by Leydig cells
31
pars distalis basophils: corticotroph secretions
ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)
32
function of ACTH
stimulate growth and steroid synthesis in zone fasciculata (sugar) and zone reticularis (sex) in adrenals
33
pars distalis basophils: thyrotroph secretions
thyrotropin/TSH (approx 5% of cells)
34
pars distalis basophils: control of thyrotrophs
TRF (thyrotropin-releasing factor)
35
pars distalis: what can H&E distinguish?
only acidophils, basophils, chromophobes
36
pars nervosa: composition
- non-myelinated axonal processes | - pituicytes
37
pars nervosa: where are cell bodies of non-myelinated axonal processes?
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
38
pars nervosa: what are pituicytes?
- astrocyte-like glial cells - contain glial fibrillary acidic proteins - often contain pigment granules
39
pars nervosa: where do neurons end?
in close proximity to fenestrated capillary network
40
pars nervosa: what do axons contain?
neurosecretory granules - large granule-filled dilations near axon terminals = Herring bodies
41
pars nervosa: what do the hypothalamic neurons release near capillary plexus?
- oxytocin | - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
42
what produces oxytocin, primarily and secondarily?
pri: paraventricular nucleus cells sec: supraoptic nucleus cells
43
purpose of oxytocin?
- mammary glands: stimulates milk ejection | - uterus: smooth muscle contractions for childbirth
44
what produces antidiuretic hormone, primarily and secondarily?
pri: supraoptic nucleus cells sec: paraventricular nucleus cells
45
purpose of antidiuretic hormone?
stimulates water reabsorption by renal medullary collecting ducts
46
pars nervosa: what is neurophysin?
binding/carrier protein - complexes with neurohypophyseal hormones for transport down axons
47
pars intermedia: size in humans?
very small
48
pars intermedia: contents
- basophils - chromophobes - Rathke's cysts
49
pars intermedia: what are Rathke's cysts and what are they lined by?
- cuboidal epithelium lined cavities | - remnants of Rathke's pouch
50
pars tuberalis: describe contents
- veins of phyphyseal portal system (highly vascular) | - mostly gonadotropes
51
what does excess growth hormone cause?
acromegaly
52
what can prolactin secreting tumors cause?
infertility - lack of ovulation
53
what is the most common cause of hypopituitarism in adults?
pituitary tumors (adenomas)
54
describe intrinsic pituitary destruction
(primary pituitary destruction) - hormone-secreting cells of ant pit are destroyed -can involve some or all hormones
55
results of poor anterior lobe function (4 things)
- failure of lactation - amenorrhea - poor thyroid function - adrenal insufficiency
56
results of poor posterior lobe function (1 thing)
diabetes insipidus = impairment of water resorption in distal renal tubuli: - polyuria - polydipsia

Histology - Exam 4 (5 decks)

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