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physiology 1021 > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A
  • endocrine system
  • travels through the bloodstream
  • slow speed of communication
  • released into bloodstream, binds to receptors
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2
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A
  • NS
  • travels through synapses
  • rapid speed of communication
  • AP releases NT to bind to receptor creating a graded potential
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3
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

in glands or wishing cells of an organ

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of peptides/ proteins?

A
  • hypothalamic pituitary hormone
  • AA
  • hydrophillic
  • dissolves in the blood
  • receptors on plasma membrane
  • fast time before onset of action
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of steroids?

A
  • testosterone, estrogen, cortisol
  • cholesterol
  • lipophillic
  • use blood protein carriers to travel in blood
  • location of receptor is intracellular
  • slow onset of action
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of amines?

A
  • catecholamines (epinephrine, T3, T4)
  • tyrosine
  • both lipophilic and hydrophilic
  • dissolves in blood and uses protein carriers
  • location of receptor in plasma membrane and intracellular
  • fast and slow onset of action
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7
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland made of?

A

endocrine cells

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8
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland made of?

A

neurons

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9
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

-oxytocin
promotes uterine contraction, milk excretion
-ADH
promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys

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10
Q

What is the difference in the onset of activity for a protein hormone and a steroid hormone?

A

peptide hormones: seconds to minutes

steroid hormones: mins to hours

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11
Q

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, GH

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12
Q

Diagram of the anterior pituitary?

A

page 101

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the thyroid gland?

A
  • located in the lower neck region just below the larynx

- influences metabolic rate

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14
Q

Diagram of the thyroid gland?

A

page 103

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15
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones produced in the thyroid gland?

A

T3 and T4
both use the AA tyrosine as the basic building block to which iodide is added
-need iodide and thyroglobulin
-made in colloid, not the cell

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16
Q

Where does the iodide come from that is needed in T3 T4 production?

A

comes from the diet

attaches itself to large protein thyroglobulin

17
Q

What are the 2 types of transports in the thyroid gland?

A
  1. active transport on the basolateral membrane
  2. facilitated diffusion on the apical membrane
    diagram page 105
18
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Grave’s Disease: antibody to TSH receptor
  • trophic hormone
  • too much T3/T4
  • elevated metabolic rate
  • increased HR, sensitive to heat, weight loss, irritable
19
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A
  • autoimmune destruction
  • iodide deficiency
  • atrophy
  • not enough T3/T4
  • lower metabolic rate
  • decreased HR, sensitive to cold, weight gain, fatigue, depression
20
Q

How does the negative feedback system work in the thyroid gland?

A

diagram page 107

21
Q

What is the structure of the adrenal glands

A
  • sit on top of kidneys

- 2 major regions: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

22
Q

Diagram of the adrenal glands?

A

page 109

23
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa make?(cortex)

A

aldosterone

24
Q

What does the zona fasciculata make?(cortex)

A

cortisol

25
Q

What does the zona reticulantis make? (cortex)

A

androgens

26
Q

What does the medulla make?

A

epinephrine

27
Q

When is plasma cortisol concentration the greatest throughout the day?

A

noon

28
Q

Diagram of the feedback pathway for the secretion of cortisol?

A

page 111

29
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s Disease (hypercorisolism)?

A

high blood sugar

  • muscle atrophy
  • thinning skin and tearing
  • growth and osteoporosis
  • redistribution of fat tissue
30
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  • regulates Na+ and K+
  • reabsorption of Na+ back into the blood
  • nothing to do with pituitary/ hypothalamus
  • made by the liver
31
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do?

A

secretes epinephrine, NE, and dopamine

all are classified as catecholamines

32
Q

What are some of the effects of increased epinephrine has on the body?

A
  • increased BP, HR, blood sugar glucose

- relaxes lung airways

33
Q

What 2 hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

-insulin and glucagon, in the Islets of Langerhans

34
Q

What do the Islets of Langerhans produce?

A
  • insulin from beta cells

- glucagon from alpha cells

physiology 1021 (9 decks)

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