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physiology 1021 > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A
  • produces hormones and sperm
  • located inside scrotum
  • approximately 2*C lower than the rest of the body
  • cremaster muscles elevate position of the testes for temp regulation
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2
Q

Diagram of the testes?

A

page 335

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3
Q

When can sperm begin to swim?

A

-once they mature inside the epididymus

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4
Q

What does the vas deferens do?

A

-exit tube from the testes

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5
Q

What does the epididymus do?

A
  • store sperm/ mature sperm
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6
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules do?

A

-create sperm

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7
Q

What are the components of the seminiferous tubule?

A
  • Sertoli cells
  • leydig cells
  • spermatogonia/ spermatocytes
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8
Q

What do sertoli cells do?

A
  • support and regulate spermatogenesis

- make up walls of tubule

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9
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A
  • produce testosterone

- outside of the tubule

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10
Q

What are spermatogonia/ spermatocytes?

A

-sperm cells

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11
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

-initiated at puberty because testosterone levels start to rise
diagram page 337

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12
Q

What type of signalling occurs by testosterone on Sertoli cells?

A

paracrine signalling

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13
Q

What are the properties of testosterone?

A
  • steroid
  • lipophillic
  • transported in blood bound to blood proteins
  • testosterone receptors inside the cell
  • testosterone affects transcription
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14
Q

Sperm facts?

A
  • man makes 100 million spermatozoa a day, 1500/sec

- takes 70-80 days to make a mature sperm

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15
Q

What are testosterone levels in the body regulated by?

A

hypothalamic- anterior pituitary feedback

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16
Q

What does the hypothalamic- anterior pituitary control?

A
  • gonadotrophin- releasing hormone (GnRH)-> releases LH which acts on leydig cells and control testosterone production
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-> acts on sertoli cells
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17
Q

How are testosterone levels regulated in the body?

A

diagram page 338

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18
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A
  • negative feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
  • spermatogenesis
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • anabolic reactions (muscle mass increase and RBC production)
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19
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

when the Vas Deferens is cut, still able to ejaculate, just not sperm

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20
Q

Structure of the male reproductive system?

A

diagram page 339

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21
Q

What happens when you take anabolic steroids?

A
  • testes atrophy

- long term effects such as becoming sterile

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22
Q

What does the prostate do?

A

secretes fluids

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23
Q

What does the seminal vesicle do?

A

secretes fluids

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24
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

A
  • produce fluid

- secrete hormones

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25
Q

What happens during prostate cancer?

A
  • can’t urinate
  • as prostate enlarges it blocks off the urethra
  • digital rectal exam to feel the size of the prostate
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26
Q

What are all the secretions found in semen?

A
  • Seminal vesicles: 60%, fructose, clotting proteins (alkaline, basic)
  • prostate gland: 30%, citric acid, enzymes (slightly acidic)
  • bulbourethral glands: minor contribution, mainly mucus (alkaline)
  • sperm 10%
  • fluids: 90%
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27
Q

How many oogonia are produced in each ovary?

A

5-10 million, any up to 1 million oogonia progress into the primary oocyte

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28
Q

Where is the ovary located?

A
  • in the upper pelvis
  • internal structure
  • oogonia exist prior to birth
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29
Q

What is the process of oogenesis?

A

diagram page 342
oogonia-> primary oocyte-> secondary oocyte and polar body-> ovum-> zygote
-meiosis 2 only takes place if the sperm fertilizes the egg
-only 1 oocyte fertilized so that you have only 1 child

30
Q

What are the major differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis
-1 spermatogonia-> 2 spermatocytes-> 4 spermatids
-male start reproduction at puberty
male support cells stay stable always
Oogenesis
-1 oogonia-> 1 primary oocyte-> 1 reproductive cell
-females have all oocytes at birth
-females support cells change throughout their 28 day cycle

31
Q

What is atresia?

A

when the oocytes die off

32
Q

What occurs during follicular development?

A

diagram page 343

33
Q

What is a follicle?

A

oocyte + support cells

34
Q

What are the characteristics of a primary follicle and a secondary follicule?

A

diagram page 344

35
Q

What is a Grafian Follicle?

A
  • primary oocyte until just before ovulation, than becomes a secondary oocyte
  • antrum develops
36
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

produces hormones

37
Q

What do theca cells do?

A

produces androgens (male sex hormones, LH)

38
Q

What do granulosa cells do?

A

produces estrogens ( female sex hormones, FSH)

39
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

the phase of the menstrual cycle where the follicle is developing in the ovary prior to ovulation
last around 14 days

40
Q

What is the hormonal feedback pathway in females?

A
  • negative feedback
  • diagram page 345
  • **there is a 2 day span of positive feedback
41
Q

Days of a woman’s cycle?

A

diagram page 346

42
Q

What occurs during the early to mid follicular phase?

A

(day 1-12)

  • negative feedback-> as estrogen rises, FSH and LH go down
  • granulosa cells increase: lots of estrogen being produced
43
Q

What occurs during the late follicular phase?

A

(day 12-14)

  • estrogen levels are high
  • LH and FSH go up-> positive feedback
  • important for ovulation
44
Q

What is the stimulus for ovulation?

A
  • LH surge triggers ovulation

- secondary oocyte develops brought on by an increase in estrogen levels

45
Q

What is mittelschmeltz?

A

the pain women feel through days 12-14

46
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase?

A
  • remaining granulose and theca cells develop into a corpus luteum
  • last an average of 14 days
47
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A
  • left over granulosa and theca cells
  • massive steroid hormone structure
  • prolongs by 14 days
  • negative feedback
  • diagram page 348
48
Q

Diagram of the female reproductive system?

A

page 349

49
Q

What do the fallopian tubes do?

A
  • passage for sperm and oocyte

- has cilia sweeping oocyte to uterus

50
Q

What does the cervix do?

A

prevents infection to the uterus

51
Q

What is the entrometrium?

A
  • lining that you bleed out

- responds to hormones

52
Q

What do the fimbriae do?

A

catch primary oocyte

53
Q

What is the primary source that hormones come from in the female?

A

ovaries

54
Q

How are uterine events influenced by hormonal changes?

A
  • menses (loss of hormones)

- lining thickens (day 5-27)

55
Q

What are the effects of female sex hormones on the body?

A
  • follicular development (estrogen)
  • uterine changes (estrogen and progesterone)
    • and - feedback
  • cardiovascular health
  • bone density
  • breast changes
56
Q

How does birth control influence the monthly cycle?

A
  • stabilizes levels of estrogen for all 28 days
  • no + feedback
  • no ovulation
  • last 7 pills have no hormone in them
  • no dominant follicule produced
57
Q

What is menopause?

A
  • end of reproductive age
  • ovaries become less responsive
  • no bleeding
  • hormones synthesis decreases
58
Q

How many sperm are in one ejaculation?

A

100 million

59
Q

Where do the sperm penetrate in order for fertilization to occur?

A

the zona pellucida

60
Q

What does the head of the sperm contain?

A

nucleus (23 chromosomes) and acrosome

61
Q

What does the mid piece of the sperm contain?

A

mitochondria

62
Q

What does the tail of the sperm contain?

A

flagellum (allows to to swim)

63
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

in the fallopian tubes

64
Q

How many sperm are in the vagina? in the fallopian tubes?

A
  • 120 million

- 100

65
Q

How many days are you able to get pregnant?

A

5-6 days

66
Q

What has to happen in order for fertilization to occur?

A
  1. sperm reaches zona pellucida
  2. acrosome reaction (enzymes)
  3. fuse with plasma membrane of ovum
  4. prevent other sperm from binding
  5. sperm head enters ovum
  6. meiosis (stage 2)
  7. 2 nuclei fuse together
  8. zygote is created
  9. rapid cell division begins
67
Q

At what day does a blastocyte form?

A

day 5

has to reach the uterus by day 5

68
Q

What type of cells form the placenta?

A

trophoblast cells

69
Q

What type of cells form the baby?

A

inner cell mass

70
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • provides nutrients to the baby
  • gas exchange between mother and baby
  • removal of fetal waste products
  • acts as endocrine tissue
71
Q

How does gas exchange take place between the maternal and fetal circulation?

A

placenta attaches to the uterus and allows for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients

72
Q

What does the blastocyst make?

A

hCG-> signal corpus luteum to stay alive-> no bleeding

2 months the corpus luteum disappears

physiology 1021 (9 decks)

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