Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary & Avian Flashcards
(343 cards)
1
Q
Endocrine works closely with the cardiovascular system to control & coordinate the intricate parts & functions of the body because
A
hormones are produced and; travel through the blood
2
Q
the hormonal part of the fight or flight response is produced in the
A
adrenal gland
3
Q
where is the antidiuretic hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus stored before its release into the bloodstream?
A
the neurohypophysis
4
Q
the hormone that results in a rise in blood glucose when it is released into the blood stream is produced where?
A
the pancreas
5
Q
where is the hormone that increases metabolism produced?
A
thyroid
6
Q
the hormone that targets the ovary is
A
FSH
7
Q
the neurohypophysis produces what hormone?
A
ADH
8
Q
the endocrine system effects tissues
A
from a distance
9
Q
spermatogenesis takes place in
A
the seminiferous tubules
10
Q
what is the major cells of the testes?
A
interstitial cells
11
Q
pampiniform plexus is formed of what?
A
veins
12
Q
the thin membrane that is intimately adhered to the testicular surface is the
A
visceral vaginal tunic
13
Q
what are the 2 hormones produced in the ovaries?
A
estrogen & progestin
14
Q
what is the name of the inner lining of the uterus?
A
endometrium
15
Q
kidneys process waste from the metabolism of what nutrient?
A
protein
16
Q
what animal has a heart shaped kidney?
A
the horse
17
Q
what is the basic functional group of the kidney
A
nephron
18
Q
what nutrient is ABSENT from glomerular filtrate
A
protein
19
Q
the function of the urinary sphincter is under
A
voluntary control
20
Q
compared to the nervous system, how quickly does the endocrine system respond & how long does the response last?
A
it responds slowly to stimuli and the response lasts longer than the nervous system
21
Q
what 2 hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?
A
epinephrine and norepinephrine
22
Q
what part of the nervous system directly influences the release of adrenal hormones?
A
sympathetic nervous system
23
Q
what type of thyroid disease are dogs commonly afflicted with?
A
hypothyroidism
24
Q
low levels of cortisol is identified as a malfunction of what gland?
A
adrenal gland
25
where is insulin produced in the body?
pancreas
26
what are the releasing factor hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
```
TSH
FSH
ACTH
GH
Prolactin
LH
MSH
```
27
what is an alternative name for the posterior pituitary?
neurohypophysis
28
what is an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine insufficiency called?
goiter
29
where is erythropoietin produced?
the kidney
30
what additional hormone is produced in the thyroid gland?
calcitonin
31
endocrine gland consisting of several small nodules located in, on, or near the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
32
an endocrine gland located on either side of the larynx in the neck region
thyroid gland
33
portion of the brain stem that has extensive links to the brain & pituitary gland
hypothalamus
34
2 endocrine glands located near the cranial poles of the kidneys
adrenal glands
35
master endocrine gland aka hypophysis
pituitary gland
36
endocrine & exocrine gland that produces & secretes digestive enzymes into the intestines & produces hormones
pancreas
37
part of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the glomerulus consisting of 2 layers
bowmen's capsule
38
capillaries in the network that surround the tubular part of the nephron of the kidney that eventually converge to form the renal vein
peritubular capillaries
39
tuft of capillaries at the center of the renal corpuscle
glomerulus
40
narrowest part of the tubular portion of the nephron
loop of henle
41
most proximal bone of the pelvic limb aka os coxae
pelvis
42
inner layer of a kidney that is darker in color & has smooth striated appearance
medulla
43
convoluted tubule that is a continuation of ascending part of the loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
44
arterioles that carry blood into the glomerulus
afferent arterioles
45
outer fibrous covering of the kidney
capsule
46
tubular structure that carries urine from the urinary bladder out of the body
urethra
47
basic function unit of the kidney
nephron
48
outer portion of the kidney where renal corpuscles & the convoluted tubules of the nephrons are located
cortex
49
indented area where blood vessels, nerve & lymph vessles enter & leave the kidneys
hilus
50
sac like organ that stores urine until it is ready to be released out of the body
urinary bladder
51
convoluted tubule that forms the 1st part of the kidney nephron & continues with the bowmen's capsular space
proximal
52
arterioles that carry blood away from the glomerulus after is has been filtered in the renal corpuscle
efferent arterioles
53
muscular tube that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
ureters
54
the smaller of the two penile erectile tissues
corpus cavernosum urethrae
55
the largest ligament that supports the female reproductive organs in the abdominal cavity
broad ligament
56
the outer, thick connective tissue sac around each testis
parietal (common) vaginal tunic
57
the most cranial of the male accessory reproductive glands (not found in the dog and cat)
seminal vesicle
58
the tube that connects the tail of the epididymis with the urethra
vas deferens
59
the inner, thin connective tissue sac that is tightly adhered to the surface of the testis
visceral (proper) vaginal tunic
60
a lateral fold of the broad ligament of the uterus made up of fibrous tissue and blood vessels
round ligament of the uterus (mesometrium)
61
where spermatozoa enter from the efferent ducts
epididymus
62
a ligament that comes off the cranial end of the broad ligament and attaches to the body wall near the last rib
suspensory ligament of the ovary (mesovarium)
63
an s-shaped bend in the nonerect penis of the bull, ram, and boar
sigmund flexure
64
the single male accessory reproductive gland that surrounds the pelvic urethra and sends many ducts into the urethra
prostate gland
65
the portion of the urethra located in the penis
penile urethra
66
the entrance into the vagina
vestibule
67
erectile tissue in the dog penis that swells after ejaculation
bulbous glandis
68
the penis muscle that pulls the penis of bulls, rams, and boars back into its nonerect S-shape
retractor muscle
69
a funnel-like enlargement at the ovarian end of the oviduct
infundibulum
70
the female gonad
ovaries
71
the portion of the urethra located in the pelvic canal
pelvic urethra
72
the cord that links the testes with the rest of the body, comprised of blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the vas deferens
spermatic cord
73
the duct through which spermatozoa enter the epididymis
efferent duct
74
the sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect
prepuce
75
the hollow, muscular organ where pregnancy is maintained
uterus
76
part of the female vulva that contains erectile tissue and is covered by many sensory nerve endings
clitoris
77
the birth canal and the tube that receives the penis during breeding
vagina
78
the larger of the two penile erectile tissues
corpus cavernosum penis
79
the only externally visible part of the female reproductive tract
vulva
80
a bone that partially surrounds the penile urethra of a dog
os penis
81
the smooth muscle valve between the uterine body and the vagina
cervix
82
the microscopic tubules in the testes where spermatozoa are produced
seminiferous tubules
83
the sac of skin that houses the testes
scrotum
84
lips of the vulva
labia
85
fingerlike projections from the edge of the infundibulum on the oviduct that surround a follicle
fimbriae
86
the most caudal male accessory reproductive gland that secretes a mucus-like liquid that lubricates and clears the urethra
bulbourethral gland
87
the male gonads
testes
88
the muscle attached to the scrotum that allows the testes to be brought closer to or further away from the body to control their temperature
cremaster muscle
89
the multilayered, fluid-filled sac around the developing fetus that attaches to the uterine lining
placenta
90
where does fertilization take place
oviducts
91
the male breeding organ
penis
92
what muscle helps regulate scrotal temperature?
cremaster muscle
93
why is temperature regulation so important?
because the testicles need to remain cooler than the rest of the body
94
what male reproductive organ delivers sperm to the urethra?
vas deferens
95
what male connective tissue reproductive structure contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and the vas deferens?
spermatic cord, which goes through the inguinal ring of the abdomen
96
what is the name of the fibrous connective tissue, deep to the vaginal tunics that protects the testicle
tunica albuginea
97
what is the general name that refers to the suspensory ligament of the uterus?
broad ligament
98
where is the ovum fertilized?
oviducts
99
what is the name of the structure of the oviduct that catches the egg for delivery to the uterus?
infundibulum
100
two species that are induced ovulators?
cats and ferrets
101
what is the female gamete?
ova
102
endocrine glands
ductless glands that secrete tiny amounts of hormones directly into the bloodstream
103
endocrine system
slow reaction to stimuli & long duration of effects, travel through bloodstream
104
hormones
secreted directly into bloodstream & produce effects only when they bind to their specific receptors in or on cells
105
negative feedback
most common; activity is decreased by rising levels of hormone, once homeostasis is achieved the hormone production is stopped to prevent high levels
106
positive feedback
activity increased due to falling levels of a hormone; will continue increasing even though there is already a high amount
107
hypothalamus
controls activity of pituitary gland; blood vessels link anterior portion of pituitary; modified neurons secrete releasing & inhibiting factors
108
what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
ADH & oxytocin
109
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?
via bloodstream to send a signal to the affecter organ
110
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?
via nerve signals, telling it to store or release hormones
111
pituitary gland
aka hypophysis; master endocrine gland
112
adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary; rostral; makes hormones when stimulated
113
neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary; caudal; stores & release hormones made by the hypothalamus when needed
114
anterior pituitary hormones
TSH, FSH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin, LH, MSH
115
TSH
stimulates growth & development; causes thyroid gland to produce hormone; aids in metabolism
116
FSH
stimulates spermatogenesis in males; stimulates oogenesis in females & helps ovaries develop, mature & release eggs
117
fossa glandis
tip of the equine penis
118
GH
promotes body growth in young animals; helps regulate metabolism of proteins, lipids & carbohydrates in all body cells
119
prolactin
helps trigger & maintain lactation; level is highest when animal is lactating
120
LH
completes process of follicle development in ovary; stimulates male production of testosterone; works with FSH to complete process for embryo
121
MSH
associated with color changes in the skin
122
posterior pituitary gland hormones
ADH & oxytocin
123
ADH
helps prevent urination; if the hypothalamus notes dehydration, a more concentrated urine is produced
124
Diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency; PU PD
125
oxytocin
causes constriction of the myometrium, the uterus muscle; aids in milk let down
126
thyroid gland
2 lobes on either side of the larynx; produces precursor hormone colloid & regular hormones T3, T4, & calcitonin
127
isthmus
connective tissue that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland
128
function of thyroid gland
regulates metabolic rate of all body cells; burns calories to generate heat; synthesizes cards & proteins & aids in the growth & development of animals in the central nervous system, muscle & bones
129
calcitonin
produced in parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; prevents too much milk
130
parathyroid gland
small pale nodules in, on, or near the thyroid gland; produces PTH; helps maintain blood calcium homestasis
131
PTH
parathyroid hormone; exerts opposite effect of calcitonin; prevents low calcium levels
132
goiter
disorder of the thyroid gland in which precursors are constantly produced
133
adrenal gland
located at the cranial poles of the kidneys; produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine
134
polyestrous interval
cycle year round if not pregnant; cattle and swine
135
seasonally polyestrous interval
cycle continuously at a certain time of the year; horses, sheep and cats
136
glucocorticoids
increases level of sugar
137
sex hormones
androgens for males, estrogens for females
138
adrenal gland medulla
develops from nervous tissue; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine directly into bloodstream
139
cushings
too much corticoid production in the adrenal gland
140
pancreas
located near duodenum; islets of langerhans produce insulin, stores sugar & potassium
141
glucagon
alpha cells; exocrine & raises blood glucose levels & may be stored in the liver; pancreas produces glucagon when body has low blood sugar
142
insulin
beta cells; endocrine & lowers blood sugar
143
somatostatin
delta cells; inhibits both the alpha & beta cells
144
gonads
reproductive organs, testes & ovaries; stimulated by LH, promotes secondary sex characteristics
145
addison’s disease
low levels of cortisol production in the adrenal gland
146
metabolic waste products
products not needed by the body anymore, include potentially harmful substance that must be eliminated and can be harmful if accumulated
147
kidneys
located in the dorsal abdominal area; right kidney is more cranial than left
148
retroperitoneal
Between the peritoneum & the abdominal cavity
149
urinary system functions
Production of urine; maintain homeostasis through blood filtration, reabsorption & secretion; fluid base regulation; acid base balance regulation; production of hormones; blood pressure regulation
150
Nerve supply to the kidney
Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels; sympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system releases norepinephrine
151
Kidney hormones
ADH, aldosterone, erythropoietin, prostaglandins, & rentin
152
Renal capsule
Thick fibrous covering of the kidney
153
Hilus
Indented area where ureter, renal artery, renal vein & nerves enter & leave
154
Renal cortex
Outer portion of the kidney, reddish brown in color
155
Renal medulla
Surrounds renal pelvis; drains urine to calyces
156
Calyces
Direct urine into renal pelvis, from there urine moves into ureter
157
Renal pelvis
Urine collection chamber that forms beginning of ureter; not present in cow; lined with transitional epithelium for stretching
158
Mutilobar/multi pyramidal
Numerous medulla a facing the ureter; cows & pigs
159
Unipyramidal/ unilobar
Medullary pyramids fused as 1 structure to form a calyx that directs urine into renal pelvis
160
Nephron
Basic functional unit of the kidney
161
Afferent arterioles
Carry blood to renal corpuscle
162
Renal corpuscle
Located in the cortex, made up of the glomerulus & bowmen's capsule
163
Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries where filtration starts; forms glomerular filtrate
164
Bowmen's capsule
Double walked capsule that surrounds glomerulus with visceral & parietal layers
165
Podocytes
Extensions that cover glomerular capillaries with a permeable layer to allow fluid & dissolved substances to pas through
166
Proximal convoluted tubule
Continuation of capsular space of bowmen's capsule; longest part of nephron; reabsorption & secretion of tubular filtrate
167
Efferent arterioles
Carry blood out of renal corpuscles
168
Peritubular capillaries
O2 exchange to cells of nephron; reabsorption & secretion
169
Loop of henle
Continues from PCT, descends into medulla, makes a u turn & heads back into cortex; ascending wall becomes thicker again
170
Distal convoluted tubule
Continuation of ascending loop of henle; empties into collecting ducts
171
Collecting ducts
Hold urine; empty into renal pelvis; primary site of ADH action & regulation of K, Na & acid-base balance
172
Blood flow through the kidney
Renal artery ➡️ afferent arterioles ➡️ glomerulus capillaries ➡️ efferent arterioles ➡️ peritubular capillaries ➡️ renal vein
173
Renal artery
Branches off abdominal aorta & brings blood to the kidney
174
Renal vein
Takes purified blood from the kidney & brings it to the caudal vena cabs
175
Fenstrations
Windows in capillary endothelium
176
Urine volume regulation
Controlled by the action if ADH & aldosterone
177
Ureters
3 layers Outer fibrous Middle muscular Inner epithelial
178
Trigone
Oblique angle where ureters insert into the bladder
179
Urinary bladder
Where urine is stored as its produced
180
Detruser muscle
Smooth muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts to expel urine
181
Circulator sphincter muscle
Around the neck of the bladder to provide voluntary control over urination process
182
Control of urination
Urine accumulation Detruser muscle contraction Circulator sphincter muscle controlRelease of urine
183
Urethra
Continuation of the neck of the bladder
184
Urachus
Tube that runs from the fetal bladder to the umbilicus vein
185
Waste products include
Water, urea, salts &a other soluble waste products
186
what structure protects the birds legs when it lands?
synsacrum
187
when a bird rubs its beak on a rough surface to keep it clean, it is doing what?
feaking
188
what bones make up the pectoral girdle?
coracoids, clavicles & scapula
189
the part of the contour feather that contains barbs and barbules is
vane
190
what is the term used to identify the web of skin in the wing?
patagium
191
bumblefoot is caused by
claw neglect
192
Anterior glandular stomach of birds in which chemical digestion of proteins begins
proventriculus
193
Part of the respiratory system of the bird; there are nine in the system
air sacs
194
An essential muscle, along with the supracoracoideus muscle, that generates wing motion
pectoralis
195
A dilation of the esophagus in some species of birds that acts as a storage pouch for food
crop
196
Section of the avian oviduct that secretes albumin (the egg white) of the egg
magnum
197
The cavity located at the end of the digestive tract of birds that receives waste products from the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts
cloaca
198
Muscular stomach in birds that grinds food into a digestible form
gizzard
199
Section of the avian oviduct that deposits the keratin shell membrane
isthmus
200
Enlargement of the trachea above the sternum in birds
syrinx
201
modifications to anatomy that enable flight
reduction in the number of bones; fused bones to make them stronger; reduced bone density; loss of internal bone matrix
202
axial skeleton
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
203
synsacrum
fusion of vertebrae; protect spine and legs when a bird lands
204
pygostyle
fusion of the most caudal coccygeal vertebrae; supports the tail feathers
205
keel
the sternum; acts as a shield; site of attachment for flight muscles; injection site
206
pectoral girdle
the shoulder; supports the wings and protects the chest; consists of the coracoids, scapulas, and the clavicles
207
coracoid
part of the pelvic girdle that protects the sternum
208
scapulas
protect the rib cage
209
clavicle
the wishbone; positioned outward to forward to keep the shoulders separated; protects the crop
210
humerus
where the wing muscles attachment site for wing muscles
211
appendicular skeleton
pelvic girdle and avian leg
212
pelvic girdle
supports/protects the legs; illium is fused to the synsacrum; ishium and pubis are fused to illium
213
avian leg
composed of femur, tibiotarsus, fibula and tarsometatarsus
214
coping
trimming or reshaping of beaks and nails
215
patagium
wing web skin; aids in flight
216
alula
first digit; originates from the wrist
217
metacarpal bones
join with fingers to help support primary flight feathers
218
pectoralis muscle
controls downstroke of wing; larger more superficial of the flight muscles
219
supracoracoideus muscle
deep wing muscle; controls upstroke of flying
220
layers of the eye
outermost fibrous tunic layer; middle layer is the uveal tunic; inner most layer is neural tunic
221
sclerotic ring
ring of small bones that protect the eye
222
feaking
when a bird rubs their beak on a rough surface to clean and maintain its shape
223
uropygial gland
one major skin gland that helps clean and waterproof feathers through preening
224
pterylae
feather tracts
225
apteria
bare areas of skin with no feathers
226
reminges
wing feathers
227
retrices
tail feathers
228
auriculars
surround ears
229
digestive anatomy
beak, mouth, esophagus (crop), stomach, liver, pancreas, small/large intestines and cloaca
230
proventriculus
glandular stomach that initiates chemical digestion
231
ventriculus
gizzard; muscular stomach that grinds coarse ingesta
232
crop
dilation of the esophagus where food is stored
233
cloaca
final structure of digestive system; 3 parts - coprodeum, urodeum, proctodeum
234
coprodeum
receives intestinal waste
235
urodeum
receives waste from the urogenital system
236
proctodeum
stores waste
237
vent
waste products are expelled through here
238
syrinx
voice box; dilation of the trachea
239
air sacs
9 in total, 4 pairs & 1 single interclavicular; maintain air volume, provide buoyancy & aid in thermoregulation
240
female reproductive system
left is functional, right is rudimentary
241
magnum
makes the egg white
242
isthmus
shell gland that forms the keratin shell membrane and exterior shell
243
uterus
produces calcium for the shell
244
cere
located at the base of the upper mandible
245
nictitating membrane
third eyelid
246
pecten
provides nutrition to the eye
247
choanae
connects the mouth to the nasal chambers
248
inferior umbilicous
tiny opening at the base of a feather where it inserts into the skin
249
superior umbilicous
where the webbed part of a feather begins
250
calamus
quill of a feather
251
rachis
main feather shaft
252
vane
flattened part of a feather that appears weblike, which have barbs and barbules in them
253
male gamete
sperm
254
female gamete
ova
255
gubernaculum
bands of connective tissue that attach testes in sctrotum
256
endocrine glands
ductless glands that secrete tiny amounts of hormones directly into the bloodstream
257
endocrine system
slow reaction to stimuli & long duration of effects, travel through bloodstream
258
hormones
secreted directly into bloodstream & produce effects only when they bind to their specific receptors in or on cells
259
negative feedback
most common; activity is decreased by rising levels of hormone, once homeostasis is achieved the hormone production is stopped to prevent high levels
260
positive feedback
activity increased due to falling levels of a hormone; will continue increasing even though there is already a high amount
261
hypothalamus
controls activity of pituitary gland; blood vessels link anterior portion of pituitary; modified neurons secrete releasing & inhibiting factors
262
what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
ADH & oxytocin
263
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?
via bloodstream to send a signal to the affecter organ
264
how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?
via nerve signals, telling it to store or release hormones
265
pituitary gland
aka hypophysis; master endocrine gland
266
adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary; rostral; makes hormones when stimulated
267
neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary; caudal; stores & release hormones made by the hypothalamus when needed
268
anterior pituitary hormones
TSH, FSH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin, LH, MSH
269
TSH
stimulates growth & development; causes thyroid gland to produce hormone; aids in metabolism
270
FSH
stimulates spermatogenesis in males; stimulates oogenesis in females & helps ovaries develop, mature & release eggs
271
ACTH
stimulates growth & development of adrenal gland cortex; also the release of some of its hormones; can be release quickly as a result of stress
272
GH
promotes body growth in young animals; helps regulate metabolism of proteins, lipids & carbohydrates in all body cells
273
prolactin
helps trigger & maintain lactation; level is highest when animal is lactating
274
LH
completes process of follicle development in ovary; stimulates male production of testosterone; works with FSH to complete process for embryo
275
MSH
associated with color changes in the skin
276
posterior pituitary gland hormones
ADH & oxytocin
277
ADH
helps prevent urination; if the hypothalamus notes dehydration, a more concentrated urine is produced
278
Diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency; PU PD
279
oxytocin
causes constriction of the myometrium, the uterus muscle; aids in milk let down
280
thyroid gland
2 lobes on either side of the larynx; produces precursor hormone colloid & regular hormones T3, T4, & calcitonin
281
isthmus
connective tissue that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland
282
function of thyroid gland
regulates metabolic rate of all body cells; burns calories to generate heat; synthesizes cards & proteins & aids in the growth & development of animals in the central nervous system, muscle & bones
283
calcitonin
produced in parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; prevents too much milk
284
parathyroid gland
small pale nodules in, on, or near the thyroid gland; produces PTH; helps maintain blood calcium homestasis
285
PTH
parathyroid hormone; exerts opposite effect of calcitonin; prevents low calcium levels
286
goiter
disorder of the thyroid gland in which precursors are constantly produced
287
adrenal gland
located at the cranial poles of the kidneys; produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine
288
adrenal gland cortex
develops from glandular tissue; produces mineralocorticods, glucocorticoids, & sex hormones
289
mineralocorticoids
regulates Na, K, Cl
290
glucocorticoids
increases level of sugar
291
sex hormones
androgens for males, estrogens for females
292
adrenal gland medulla
develops from nervous tissue; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine directly into bloodstream
293
cushings
too much corticoid production in the adrenal gland
294
pancreas
located near duodenum; islets of langerhans produce insulin, stores sugar & potassium
295
glucagon
alpha cells; exocrine & raises blood glucose levels & may be stored in the liver; pancreas produces glucagon when body has low blood sugar
296
insulin
beta cells; endocrine & lowers blood sugar
297
somatostatin
delta cells; inhibits both the alpha & beta cells
298
gonads
reproductive organs, testes & ovaries; stimulated by LH, promotes secondary sex characteristics
299
addison’s disease
low levels of cortisol production in the adrenal gland
300
male gamete
sperm
301
female gamete
ova
302
gubernaculum
bands of connective tissue that attach testes in sctrotum
303
male sex hormones
androgens which are produced in the interstitial cells; testosterone is produced under the influence of LH
304
leydig cells
aka interstitial cells
305
gubernaculum
bands of connective tissue that attach testes in the scrotum
306
testicular artery
where temperature regulated blood passes in and out of
307
orchiectomy
castration
308
septa
divides each testis into tiny lobules that contain seminiferous tubules
309
sertoli cells
support developing sperm and shield them from the immune system
310
efferent ducts
house the seminiferous tubules
311
epididymis
sperm are stored here to mature; connect efferent ducts with vas deferens
312
vas deferens
muscular tube that connects the epididymis to the urethra
313
accessory reproductive glands
secretions from these glands make up the majority of semen; help the sperm survive through the acidic female reproductive tract
314
seminal vesicle
enter the pelvic urethra, not present in cats & dogs
315
2 bands of connective tissue that consist of the root of the penis
crura
316
corona glandis
glands of the equine penis that flare up to form a mushroom shape
317
urethral process
extends from the central depression of equine fossa glandis
318
fossa glandis
tip of the equine penis
319
broad ligaments
sheets of peritoneum that hang the ovaries, oviducts and uterus
320
mesovarium
suspensory ligament of the ovary
321
mesosalphinx
supports the oviduct
322
mesometrium
round ligament of the uterus
323
ovaries
produce hormones estrogen and progestins
324
outer uterine layer
perimetrium
325
middle uterine layer
myometrium
326
inner uterine later
endometrium
327
estrus
heat period
328
diffuse placenta
horse and pig placenta
329
cotyledonary placenta
ruminant placenta
330
zonary placenta
dog and cat placenta
331
discoid placenta
primates, rodents and rabbits
332
placentomes
sites where placenta and uterus attach in ruminants
333
caruncle
fleshy masses where the placenta attaches on the wall of the uterus in ruminants
334
estrous cycle
controlled by hormones FSH and LH
335
polyestrous
cycle year round if not pregnant; cattle and swine
336
seasonally polyestrous
cycl
337
diestrous interval
2 cycles per year; dogs
338
monoestrous interval
1 cycle per year; foxes and minks
339
proestrus stage
follicular development
340
estrus stage
sexual receptivity
341
metestrus stage
period of ovulation
342
diestrus stage
maintenance of corpus luteum if pregnant, reabsorption if not
343
anestrus stage
seasonal inactivity in seasonally polyestrous, diestrous and monestrous animals
