endocrine system 1

Question 1

the endocrine system influences the body’s metabolic activities via —

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

the endocrine system’s responses are — but — than those of the nervous system

Answer 2

slower; longer lasting

Question 3

what is endocrinology?

Answer 3

the study of hormones and the endocrine organs

Question 4

what five things does the endocrine system control and integrate?

Answer 4

1. reproduction
2. growth/development
3. maintenance of electrolytes, water, nutrient balance
4. regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
5. mobilization of the body’s defenses

Question 5

exocrine glands produce — and — ducts

Answer 5

non-hormonal substances; have

Question 6

endocrine glands produce — and — ducts

Answer 6

hormones; lack

Question 7

nervous system is — duration responses, endocrine system is — duration responses

Answer 7

short; long

Question 8

neurotransmitters in the nervous system act over — distances, hormones in the endocrine system act over — distances

Answer 8

short; long

Question 9

what are five types of endocrine glands?

Answer 9

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal

Question 10

the hypothalamus is a — organ

Answer 10

nueroendocrine

Question 11

the —, —, and — have exocrine and endocrine functions

Answer 11

pancreas, gonads, and placenta

Question 12

what are hormones?

Answer 12

long-distance chemical signals that travel through blood and lymph

Question 13

what are autocrines?

Answer 13

chemicals released by a cell that affect the same cell that released them.

Question 14

what are paracrines?

Answer 14

chemicals released by a cell that affect nearby cells, not the cell that released them.

Question 15

— and — are not considered part of the endocrine system

Answer 15

autocrines; paracrines

Question 16

what are three types of amino acid-based hormones?

Answer 16

amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins

Question 17

steroids are made from —

Answer 17

cholesterol

Question 18

— hormones and — hormones are two types of steroids

Answer 18

gonadal; adrenocortical

Question 19

what are target cells?

Answer 19

tissues with receptors for a specific hormone

Question 20

upon arrival at target cells, hormones may be able to alter — and/or — by opening/closing ion channels

Answer 20

plasma membrane permeability; membrane potential

Question 21

upon arrival at target cells, hormones may be able to stimulate the production of — or —

Answer 21

enzymes; other proteins

Question 22

upon arrival at target cells, hormones may be able to activate/deactivate —

Answer 22

enzymes

Question 23

upon arrival at target cells, hormones may be able to trigger/cause —

Answer 23

secretion

Question 24

upon arrival at target cells, hormones may be able to stimulate —

Answer 24

mitosis

Question 25

water-soluble hormones are all --- hormones except --- hormone

Answer 25

amino acid-based; thyroid

Question 26

lipid-soluble hormones include --- and --- hormones

Answer 26

steroid; thyroid

Question 27

water-soluble hormones --- directly enter a cell and act on --- receptors

Answer 27

cannot; plasma membrane

Question 28

lipid-soluble hormones --- directly enter a cell and act on --- receptors

Answer 28

can; intracellular

Question 29

except for thyroid hormone, amino acid-based hormones exert effects through ---

Answer 29

second-messenger system

Question 30

what are two main second-messenger systems?

Answer 30

1. cyclic AMP 2. PIP2-Calcium

Question 31

what are the five steps for activating a second messenger?

Answer 31

1. a hormone (first messenger) binds to a receptor. 2. the receptor activates a G protein. 3. the G protein activates or deactivates the enzyme (adenylate cyclase). 4. adenylate cyclase turns ATP into cAMP (second messenger). 5. cAMP activates protein kinases, which then modify other proteins to produce responses in the cell.

Question 32

In the cAMP pathway, G protein activates the enzyme ---. In the PIP2-Calcium pathway, G protein activates the enzyme ---

Answer 32

adenylate cyclase; phospholipase C

Question 33

phospholipase C splits membrane protein, PIP2, into two second messengers: --- and ---

Answer 33

diacylglycerol (DAG); inositol trisphosphate (IP3)

Question 34

diacylglycerol (DAG) activates --- and triggers --- within target cells.

Answer 34

protein kinases; cellular responses

Question 35

Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) causes --- to be released from intracellular storage sites.

Answer 35

calcium ions (Ca2+)

Question 36

freed Ca2+ ions act as a ---

Answer 36

second messenger​

Question 37

calcium ions (Ca2+) either alters enzyme and channel activity or binds to a regulatory protein called

Answer 37

calmodulin

Question 38

what happens when Ca²⁺ binds to calmodulin?

Answer 38

it activates enzymes that amplify the cellular response.

Question 39

what happens when a lipid soluble hormone enters a cell and where does it go to create change?

Answer 39

it binds to a receptor inside, then goes to the nucleus to control gene activity and make proteins that change the cell's function.

Question 40

creation and release of most hormones is regulated by ---

Answer 40

negative feedback loops

Question 41

what is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 41

when the body detects a change and works to REVERSE it, keeping things stable.

Question 42

example of a negative feedback loop?

Answer 42

when the body gets too hot, it sweats to cool down, bringing the temperature back to normal.

Question 43

what three ways are endocrine glands stimulated to make and release hormones?

Answer 43

1. humoral stimuli 2. neural stimuli 3. hormonal stimuli

Question 44

when one hormone triggers the release of another hormone, this is --- stimuli

Answer 44

hormonal

Question 45

when hormones are released due to signals from the nervous system, this is --- stimuli

Answer 45

neural

Question 46

when hormone release is triggered by changes in the levels of certain substances in the blood, this is --- stimuli

Answer 46

humoral

Question 47

what is an example of humoral stimuli?

Answer 47

If blood sugar drops, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise it.

Question 48

what is an example of neural stimuli?

Answer 48

when you're scared, your brain sends signals to the adrenal glands to release adrenaline.

Question 49

what is an example of hormonal stimuli?

Answer 49

the hypothalamus releases a hormone that tells the pituitary gland to release another hormone, which then signals the thyroid to release its hormones.

Question 50

what is the hypothalamic pituitary target endocrine organ feedback loop

Answer 50

a system where the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and a target endocrine organ work together to regulate hormone levels in the body.

Question 51

how does the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ feedback loop work?

Answer 51

through the release of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which stimulate a target organ to release its hormones. when the target organ's hormones reach a certain level, negative feedback reduces further hormone production, which keeps the balance.

Question 52

what does it mean when we say the nervous system can override the endocrine system?

Answer 52

it means the nervous system can send fast signals to change the body’s responses, even if hormones from the endocrine system are already working.

Question 53

what three factors does target cell activation depend on?

Answer 53

1. blood levels of the hormone 2. the number of receptors on or in a target cell 3. how strongly the hormone binds to the receptor

Question 54

true or false: multiple hormones can not act on the same target at the same time

Answer 54

false; multiple hormones CAN act on the same target at the same time

Question 55

what are the three types of interactions between hormones affecting the same target cell?

Answer 55

permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism

Question 56

which interaction needs one hormone in order for another hormone to work?

Answer 56

permissiveness

Question 57

which interaction has one hormone that opposes the action of another hormone?

Answer 57

antagonism

Question 58

which interaction has two hormones that work together to create a stronger effect?

Answer 58

synergism

Question 59

example of permissiveness?

Answer 59

reproductive hormones need thyroid hormone to have an effect.

Question 60

example of antagonism?

Answer 60

insulin lowers blood sugar, while glucagon raises it

Question 61

example of synergism?

Answer 61

glucagon and epinephrine both make the liver release glucose.