Endocrine System 🎯

Question 1

With respect to size and myelination of cell axons, the velocity of nerve impulse conduction is greatest in

Answer 1

large-diameter heavily myelinated fibers

Question 2

Clinical application: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that causes the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths / demyelination of nerves in the CNS and PNS. Choose the correct grouping of symptoms commonly seen in patients with MS from the choices below.

Answer 2

Numbness/weakness, electric-shock sensations, tremor, vision loss

Question 3

Nerves

Answer 3

coordinate our actions and bodily functions

Question 4

The Alarm Response =10

Answer 4

Heart: Increase rate and contraction force
• Eyes: Dilate pupils
• Mouth: Decrease saliva
• Lungs: Dilate bronchi and breathe faster • Skin:
• Constrict peripheral blood vessels
• Contract arrector pili muscles
• Increase sweat secretion
• Gut: Decrease digestion
• Increase blood sugar
• Increase blood pressure and water retention

Question 5

The Relaxation Response =6

Answer 5

• Heart: Decrease rate and contraction force
• Eyes: Contract pupils
• Mouth: Increase saliva
• Lungs: Constricti bronchi, breathe more slowly
• Skin: Dilate peripheral blood vessels
• Gut: Increase digestion

Question 6

Sympathetic Division Associated with:

Answer 6

• Exercise • Emotion • Excitement (Alarm response)

Question 7

Parasympathetic Division Associated with:

Answer 7

• Repletion • Rest • Relaxation (Relaxation response)

Question 8

Control of involuntary

Answer 8

Hypothalamus, Brain stem, Spinal cord

Lambic system

Question 9

Voluntary: Control of

Answer 9

Cerebral cortex

Question 10

Effectors for involuntary movement

Answer 10

Smooth muscle,

Cardiac muscle, Glands

Question 11

Somatic

Motor neuron pathway:

Neurotransmitters…

Answer 11

. One neuron pathway

. Acetylcholine

Question 12

Autonomic
Motor neurone pathway
Neurotransmitters

Answer 12

.2 neurons pre and post ganglioc

Acetylcholine: Preganglionic axons Postganglionic axons: Parasympathetic Sympathetic to sweat glands Norepinephrine: Postganglionic axons Sympathetic to other than sweat glands

Question 13

Raynaud Disease

White fingers

Answer 13

Excessive
sympathetic
stimulation following emotional
stress or exposure to cold
• Chronic vasoconstriction
• Fingers and toes become ischemic (lack of blood) and appear white

Question 14

Hypothalamus
Controls internal
organs via: = 2
Regulates =4

Answer 14

• Autonomic nervous system
• Pituitary gland
• Behaviour patterns
• Circadian rhythm (sleep /wake cycles)
• Body temperature
• Eating and drinking

Question 15

Paracrine Hormones

Answer 15

Targets nearby cells

Question 16

Autocrine Hormones

Answer 16

Targets its self

Question 17

Endocrine Hormones

Answer 17

Travels though blood and or body tissue to distant target cells

Question 18

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

4 steps ?

Answer 18

1: Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell
2: Activated receptor- hormone complex alters gene expression
3: Newly-formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
4: New protein alters cell’s activity

Question 19

Water-Soluble Hormones

6 steps

Answer 19

1: Binding to receptor activates G protein which activates adenyl cyclase
2: Activated adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
3: cAMP serves as second messenger to
activate protein kinases
4: Activated protein kinases phosphorylate other enzymes
5: Phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological responses
6: Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP

Question 20

Inducibility

Answer 20

capable of being induced:
such as. a : formed by a cell in response to the presence of its substrate inducible enzymes. b : activated or undergoing expression only in the presence of a particular molecule an inducible promoter.

Question 21

Effects of Cholera

Answer 21

Locks G protein in activated state
• Pumps chloride ions into intestines
• Water follows out
• High cAMP

= chronic diarrhoea

Question 22

What are the really colourful parts on top of the hypothalamus

Answer 22

Hypothalamic nuclei

Question 23

What connected the pituitary to the hypothalamus

Answer 23

Infundibulum

Question 24

hypophyseal pituitary

portal veins

Answer 24

Portal system between the two

capillaries - portal vein - capillaries

Question 25

Pituitary

Answer 25

``` 7 hormones (controlling endocrine organs) ```

Question 26

Hypothalamus

Answer 26

9 hormones | releasing and inhibiting hormones to control pituitary

Question 27

Hypothalamic | neurosecretory cell

Answer 27

Releasing and inhibitory hormones released from axon | termini

Question 28

Step 2 of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis

Answer 28

Hormones travel through portal vein to secondary plexus then into pituitary target cells

Question 29

Three layers of the Adrenal Gland

Answer 29

Capsule Cortex Medulla

Question 30

The Adrenal Medulla is stimulated by

Answer 30

Acetylcholine from preganglionic neurons

Question 31

Adrenal Medulla Hormones released:

Answer 31

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Question 32

Adrenal Medulla Principal actions:

Answer 32

Enhance sympathetic autonomic | alarm response

Question 33

The Stress Response First stage | Alarm (Fight-or-flight) response:

Answer 33

* Immediate burst * Sympathetic autonomic activation * Sustained through action of adrenal medulla

Question 34

Adrenal Cortex | Hormones A:

Answer 34

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

Question 35

The Adrenal Cortex Stimulated by: | Hormone A

Answer 35

Increased K+ and angiotensin II in blood

Question 36

The Adrenal Cortex Principal actions: | Hormone A

Answer 36

• Increase Na+ and water and decrease K+ in blood | => Increase blood volume and pressure

Question 37

The Adrenal Cortex Hormones B:

Answer 37

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

Question 38

Adrenal Cortex Hormones B: Stimulated by:

Answer 38

ACTH from pituitary (CRH from hypothalamus)

Question 39

The Adrenal Cortex Hormones B: | Principal actions:

Answer 39

• Resistance reaction to stress • Control (dampen) inflammation • Alter immune responses

Question 40

Resistance reaction:

Answer 40

• Slower, longer lasting • Associated with hypothalamus, | pituitary and adrenal cortex

Question 41

Eustress (acute):

Answer 41

• Prepares us to meet certain challenges • Helpful, beneficial

Question 42

Distress (chronic):

Answer 42

• Associated with | undesirable events • Potentially harmful