Endocrine System Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
“Hormaein” meaning
A
To excite
2
Q
Hormone Definition-
A
- Non-nutrient chemical
- Act as intercellular movement
- Produced in trace amounts
3
Q
The hormone which is stored-
A
Thyroxine
4
Q
Type of hormone which does not enter the cell-
A
Water-soluble Hormone
5
Q
Types of 2ndary messengers in Water-soluble Hormone
A
- CAMP
- cGMP
- Ca²+
- Inositol Triphosphate
6
Q
The function of Lipid soluble hormone
A
Regulate gene expression/chromosome function by the interaction hormone-receptor complex with genome
7
Q
Type of hormone which works faster
A
Water-soluble hormone
8
Q
Type of hormone which works slower but lasts longer
A
Lipid Soluble Hormone
9
Q
Hypothalamus location
A
Basal part of the diencephalon
10
Q
Anterior part of Pituitary Glands is Regulated by
A
Releasing hormones from pituitary
11
Q
Posterior part of Pituitary Glands is Regulated by
A
Directly by hypothalamus
12
Q
Location of Hypothalamus in bones-
A
Sella-turcica of sphenoid bone
13
Q
Germ Layer of pituitary
A
Ectodermal
14
Q
Stalk between Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
A
Infudibulum
15
Q
Adenohypophyisis-
A
Anterior pituitary + Middle layer
16
Q
Neurohypophysis-
A
Posterior Pituitary + Infundibulum
17
Q
Another name for Anterior pituitary-
A
Pars distalis
17
Q
Another name for Anterior pituitary-
A
Pars distalis
18
Q
Another name for Posterior pituitary
A
Pars nervosa
19
Q
Another name for Middle pituitary
A
Pars intermedia
20
Q
Effect of G.H of fats
A
Increases lipolysis
21
Q
Effect of G.H on Carbohydrate
A
Decreases uptake of glucose
22
Q
Effect of G.H on proteins
A
Increases Amino acid uptake by liver and muscles
23
Q
Dwarfism-
A
GH hyposecretion in childhood
24
Ateliosis-
Defect in pituitary that causes dwarfism
25
Gigantism-
GH Hypersecretion in childhood that leads to imbalance
26
Acromegaly-
GH Hypersecretion in adulthood that leads to excess enlargement of bones of face, vertebral columns and forelimbs
27
TSH-
Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
28
Adenocortico Tropic Hormone
Stimulates cortex part of adrenal gland to secrete hormones by pars distalis
29
Follicle-stimulating hormone in Males-
Stimulates spermatogenesis and normal functioning of seminiferous tubules
30
Follicle-stimulating hormone in Females-
Stimulates Oogenesis and development of graaffian follicles in ovary and also affects estrogen secreted
31
LH in Females-
Stimulates ovulation in females as a result of which corpus luteum is formed
1. Stimulates Progesterone secreted by corpus luteum
32
LH in males-
1. Called as Interstitial cell stimulating Hormone in males
| 2. Affects Leydig's cells and stimulates secretion of Testosterone
33
How are gonadotropic hormones secreted?
Secreted By hypothalamus and start to secrete during puberty
34
Prolactin Effect-
Prolactin is responsible for lactation in females postpartum (After delivery)
35
Melanocyte stimulating Hormone-
1. Secreted by Middle lobe
2. Also called intermedin
3. Not secreted in humans as their pars intermedia are fused with pars distalis
36
Effect of MSH/Intermedin-
Change the colour of skin in Reptiles and Amphibians
37
Metachrosis-
Darkens the complexion of skin by distributing melanin pigment evenly under the skin
38
Size of neurohypophysis-
⅟4th of total Pituitary
39
Herring bodies-
The swollen parts in the axons of neurons in hypothalamus where hormones are released
40
Pituicytes-
Fatty neuroglial supporting cells in between axons
41
Effect of ADH-
Mainly acts on kidney and stimulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes in DCT and C.D
42
Animals in which Secretion of ADH is maximum-
Camels, Kangaroo-rat
43
Animal which never drinks water in its lifetime-
Kangaroo-Rat
44
Diuretics example-
Coffee, Tea, Excess alchohol
45
Effect of Oxytocin/Pitocin-
1. Stimulates fast/rapid contractions of non-striated muscles of uterine wall
2. Secreted by mother at time of parturition
3. Initiates contractions during copulation
4. Helps in milk ejection from mammary glands
5. Hormone is related to emotion
46
Example for synergistic hormones-
1. Insulin&GH
| 2. Estrogen, Progesterone, Prolactin, Oxytocin
47
Example for antagonistic hormones
1. Insulin&Glucagon
2. Calcitonin&Parathyroid Hormone
3. MSH&Melatonin
48
Thyroid Gland location-
Situated at Ventralateral side of the joint of trachea and larynx in neck region
49
Isthmus of Thyroid gland-
Non-glandular flap of a connective tissue
50
Germ layer of Thyroid gland-
Endodermal
51
Composition of thyroid glands-
1. Many Follicles are present
2. Follicles are made of a layer of cuboidal glandular cells
3. Follicles are scattered in loose connective tissue, stroma
52
Thyroglobulin-
1. Iodised colloidal substance filled in cavity of follicles
| 2. Thyroglobulin is glycoprotein
53
Parafollicular cells-
Located in interstitial tissue in between follicle and secrete calcitonin
54
Composition of thyroxine-
```
T3= Tri Iodo thyroxine (20%)
T4= Tetra Iodo thyroxine(80%)
```
55
How is thyroxine stored in Thyroid gland?
Stored in form of Thyroglobulin in follicles that are sufficient to supply the body for 2-3 months
56
Amount of iodine required by thyroid gland every day
120 µg
57
Derivative of Tyrosine amino acid
Tetra-Iodo-Thyrosine
58
Abundance and Effectiveness of Thyroid hormone
T4 is more abundant and T3 is more effective
59
What happens to T4 when it reaches the tissues
It converts into T3
60
BMR
Minumum amount of energy in calories that body needs to complete its normal function
61
Effect of thyroxine on Metabolism-
1. Increases activity of Na-K ATPase and thus the Metabolic rate
2. Increases consumption of oxygen by body
62
What happens when BMR increases?
Body Temp↑
| Body Weight ↓
63
Effect of Thyroxine on Fats-
Increases both synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol (predominantly)
64
Effect of Thyroxine on Carbs-
Blood Sugar↑
| Thus, Diabetogenic hormone
65
Effect of Thyroxine on Protein
Both Anabolism and catabolism, Anabolism dominant
66
Effect of Thyroxine on CNS-
Devpt. and maturation of CNS
67
Effect of Thyroxine on Blood-
Stimulates erythropoiesis
68
Effect of Thyroxine on gonads-
Regulates Menstrual cycles
69
Simple Goitre
Hyposecretion of goiter
70
Endemic goitre
Goitre found in most people of an area/ Or show its symptoms
71
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism in pregnancy
72
Effects of Cretinism
1. Stunted growth
2. Mental retardation
3. Low IQ
4. Abnormal skin
5. Deaf-mutism
73
Myxoedema-
Hypothyroidism in adults causing irregular menstrual cycle in adult women
73
Myxoedema-
Hypothyroidism in adults causing irregular menstrual cycle in adult women
74
Hashimoto's disease-
Inflammation due to attack of immune system causing Hypothyroidism
75
Hyperthyroidism-
Increase in levels of thyroxine due to cancer of thyroid gland or nodules of thyroid devpt.
76
Exophthalmic goitre
Form of hyperthyroidism
77
Effects of Exophthalmic goitre-
1. Enlargement of thyroid gland
2. Protusion of eyeballs
3. Increased basal metabolic rate
4. Weight loss
78
Parafollicular cells/C-cells Location-
Found in stroma of thyroid gland and basal part of follicles
79
Parafollicular/C-cells-
Secrete Thyrocalcitonin hormone which lacks iodine and is a protein
80
Effect of Thyrocalcitonin-
1. Destruction of bones ↓
2. Rate of excretion of Calcium ions in urine ↑
3. Deposition of Calcium ion ↑
81
Effect of Thyrocalcitonin on blood-
1. Amount of Calcium in blood ↓
| 2. Ca
82
Effect of Thyrocalcitonin on blood-
1. Amount of Calcium in blood ↓
| 2. Calcium excretion through urine ↑
83
Germinal origin of Parathyroid gland
Endodermal
84
Location Of Parathyroid gland
Two in pairs embedded in thyroid gland on dorsal surface
85
Hormone secreted by Parathormone-
Parathormone/ Collip's Hormone
86
PTH-
Proteinaceous hormone
87
Effect of PTH-
Required for Homeostasis by regulating Amount of calcium and phosphate ion in extracellular fluid
88
Functions of Calcium-
1. Proper permeability of cell
2. Muscular activities
3. Nerve impulse conduction
4. Heartbeat
5. Blood coagulation
6. Bone formation
7. Fertilization of ova
88
Functions of Calcium-
1. Proper permeability of cell
2. Muscular activities
3. Nerve impulse conduction
4. Heartbeat
5. Blood coagulation
6. Bone formation
7. Fertilization of ova
89
Most abundant mineral in body
Calcium
90
Substances involved in homeostasis of calcium ions-
Parathormone, Thyrocalcitonin, Vitamin D3(Cholecalciferol)
91
Hormone which stimulates Osteoclasts
PTH
92
Amount of Calcium ion in blood
12 mg of calcium in each 100ml of blood
93
Remoulding of bone due to which hormone
PTH
94
Maintainance of activity of muscles by which hormone?
Parathormone
95
Hyposecretion of PTH causes-
Amount of Phosphate ion increases and calcium ion decreases
96
Tetany disease-
1. Ca2+ in blood decreases
| 2. Muscles and nerves get irritated and contracted for a long time
97
Osteoporosis-
Hypersecretion of PTH, Excess secretion of osteoclast cells
98
How are stones formed?
Excess formation of calcium ions due to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
99
Parts in adrenal gland-
Cortex (80-90%)
| Medulla (10-20%)
100
Germinal origins of both parts of adrenal gland
Cortex- Mesoderm
| Medulla- Neural ectoderm
101
Renal Cortex parts-
1. Outer Zone/ Zona Glomerulosa
2. Middle Zone/Zona Fasciculata
3. Inner Zone/Zona reticularis
102
Hormones secreted by each zone of Adrenal cortex-
1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Corticoids/Sex hormones
103
Main constituent of all hormones of adrenal cortex-
Cholesterol
104
How many active and inactive hormones are present in adrenal cortex?
7-8 hormones active out of 50 hormones
105
Main Mineralocorticoid-
Aldosterone
105
Main Mineralocorticoid-
Aldosterone
106
Main glucocorticoids-
Cortisol
107
Effect of glucocorticoids on metabolism of carbs
Stimulate gluconeogenesis and blood sugar ↑
108
Effect of glucocorticoids on metabolism of fats
Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue
109
Effect of glucocorticoids on metabolism of proteins
Stimulates proteolysis and inhibits cellular uptake
110
Diseases in which cortisol is used for treatment
Oedema, Arthritis / Rheumatism
111
Reason for using cortisol in treatment of edema
Prevent action of WBC and collagen fibres in tissues
112
Reason for using cortisols for organ transplantation-
Because cortisols are Immunosuppressives because it checks immune reactions by antibodies
113
Function of cortisol-
1. Maintains cardio-vascular and kidney system
2. Stimulates RBC production
3. Used in treatment of allergy
114
Hormone of zona reticularis-
Gonadocorticoids;
Males- Androgen
Females- Oestrogen
115
Effect of Gonadocorticoids-
Stimulate Muscles, External genitalia, sexual behaviour
116
Main male hormone of adrenal gland-
Dehydroepiandrosterone {DHEA}
117
Origin of adrenal medulla cells-
Cells are modified of sympathetic N.S. which have lost normal processes and acquired glandular function
118
Name of cells of adrenal medulla-
Chromaffin cell
or
Phaeochromocytes
119
Collective name of adrenal medulla hormone
Catecholamine
120
Function of catecholamine
Stimulate breakdown of
1. Glycogen causing blood sugar level to increase
2. Lipids and proteins
121
Composition of catecholamine
1. Adrenaline / Epinephrine (80%)
| 2. Noradrenaline / Norepinephrine (20%)
122
Effects of Adrenaline-
1. Piloerection
2. Stimulating sweat gland
3. Stimulates trachea and bronchi to relax
4. Vasoconstriction in skin
5. Stimulates contraction of spleen and it pours blood into stream
6. Blood clotting period is reduced
7. Vasodilation of brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscles
123
Effects of Norepinephrine-
Vasoconstrictor and increases blood pressure
124
Blood vessels not constricted by Norepinephrine-
Coronary artery
125
Who controls the following hormones-
i. Glucocorticoids
ii. Mineralocorticoids
iii. Catecholamine
i. Adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]
ii. Renin in Kidney
iii. Nervous system
126
Hormone used in curing asthma-
Adrenaline
127
Addison's disease cause-
Hyposecretion of Adrenal hormone
128
Addison's disease symptoms-
1. Hypoglycemia
2. Acute weakness
3. More vulnerable to stress and fatigue
4. Hyperpigmentation
129
Cushing's syndrome causes-
Hypersecretion of Adrenal hormone
130
Cushing's syndrome Symptoms-
1. Excess of lipolysis
| 2. Fat deposited in unusual areas of body
131
Thymus gland location-
Bilobed and located between lungs behind sternum on ventral side of aorta
132
Structure of Thymus gland-
1. It's just like a lymph gland.
2. Covered by a capsule
3. Internally both lobes are redividing into small lobes
133
Constituents of thymus gland-
Consists of reticular epithelial cells, a few lymphocytes, thymic corpuscles(phagocytic)
134
Common name of thymic corpuscles-
Corpuscles of Hassalls
135
Thymosin
Peptide/protein hormone secreted by thymus gland
136
Where are T-lymphocytes matured?
Thymus gland
137
Effect of disappearance of thymus gland
Causes aging on disappearance by middle age
138
Type of immunity provided by thymus
Cell-mediated immunity
| and also provide antibodies for humoral immunity
139
Position of pineal body-
Dorsal side of diencephalon
140
Another name of pineal body-
Epiphysis cerebri
141
Constituents of pineal body
Pinealocyte and neuroglial cells
142
Hormone name of Pineal body-
Melatonin
143
What kind of derivative is Melatonin?
Amino acid derivative
144
How does Melatonin affect the body?
1. Circadian/Diurnal rhythm
2. Metabolism
3. Pigmentation
4. Menstrual cycle
5. Defence capability
6. Fairs complexity
145
How does melatonin affect the sleep-wake cycle?
Melatonin rises during periods of darkness and falls during day
146
Affect of melatonin of animals
Metachrosis in amphibians and reptiles
147
Metachrosis-
Change in colour of skin
148
Hormone secreted by mid part of pineal gland-
Antigonadial hormone
149
Effect of Antigonadial hormone-
1. Inhibits sexual irritation
| 2. Inhibits development of genitalia and its functions
150
Age for maximum development of pineal body-
7 year
151
What happens to pineal gland after 7 yrs?
The gland shrinks and at age of 14 years interstitial tissue and crystals of CaCO3/ Ca(PO4)2 are deposited
152
Brain sand/Acervuli
Crystals of Calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate deposition near pineal gland
153
Colour of Pancreas-
Pink
154
Location of pancreas-
Backside of stomach, in the curve of duodenum
155
Types and their composition of the cells of Islets of Langerhans-
1. Alpha cells (25%)
2. Beta cells (60-65%)
3. Delta or Gamma cells- (10%)
4. F or PP cell
156
Hormones secreted by cells of Islets of Langerhans-
1. Alpha cell- Glucagon
2. Beta-cell- Insulin
3. Delta/Gamma cell- Somatostatin
4. PP/F cell- Pancreatic polypeptide
157
Location of cells of Islets of Langerhans-
Alpha cell- Peripheral region
Beta cell- Central region
Gamma/Delta cell- Middle region
158
No. of amino acids needed in 1 molecule of insulin-
51 amino acid that has 2 chains
159
Amino acids in 2 chains of insulin-
1. Alpha chain- 21 A.A.
| 2. Beta chain- 30 A.A.
160
How are both chains of 1 molecule of insulin held together?
By cross bonds of disulphide bonds
161
Cells that are not sensitive to insulin-
1. Brain cells
2. Gonads
3. Retina
3. RBC
162
Insulin effect on carbs-
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Promotes glycogenesis
Causes Blood sugar to fall
163
Insulin effect on Fats-
Inhibits Lipolysis and promotes Lipogenesis
| Inhibits formation of ketone bodies
164
Insulin effect on proteins-
Promotes by protein synthesis in liver and muscles
165
Normal concentration of sugar in blood-
90-110mg/100ml blood
166
Insulin effect on Nucleic acid-
Promotes DNA & RNA synthesis
167
Diabetes mellitus causes-
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Glycosuria
3. Polyphagia
4. Polyuria
5. POlydipsia
6. Ketoacidosis
7. Ketonuria
168
Diabetic coma causes-
Combined effect of Ketoacidosis, Dehydration, HYperglycemia
169
Hyperinsulinism-
```
Hypoglycemia
Excess irritation in brain cells
Unconsciousness
Cramps
Exhausted
```
170
No. of polypeptide chains and amino acids in one molecule of glucagon-
1 PP chain and 29 AA
171
Effects of glucagon o body-
1. Gluconeogenesis in liver
2. Lipolysis in fatty tissues
3. Glycogenolysis in liver
172
Result of suppression of hypothalamus by melatonin-
Causes suppression of anterior pituitary gonadotropins causing suppression of menstruation and gonadal activity
