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Zoology-XI > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

(125 cards)

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1
Q

Example of Vertebrate Osmoconformer

A

Hagfish

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2
Q

Osmoconformers-

A

Change their osmolarity acc. to that of it surroundings

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3
Q

Osmoregulator-

A

Can regulate their osmolarity different from surrounding medium

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4
Q

Most toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

Ammonia

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5
Q

Least toxic form of nitrogenous waste

A

Uric acid

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6
Q

Examples of Ammonotelics

A

Aquatic

  1. amphibians
  2. reptiles
  3. insects
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7
Q

How do sharks retain their osmolarity?

A

By retaining some of the urea to balance the osmolarity of the surroundings

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8
Q

Example of ureotelics

A
  1. Mammals
  2. Terrestrial amphibians
  3. Marine Fish
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9
Q

Examples of uricotelics-

A
  1. Reptiles
  2. Birds
  3. Land snails
  4. Insects
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10
Q

Excretion of uric acid is particularly beneficial for?

A

Land vertebrae that lay shelled eggs

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11
Q

Smell of Tri-methyl amine-oxide

A

Fishy smell

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12
Q

Examples of Tri-methyl amine-oxide

A

Marine fish

Marine molluscans

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13
Q

Examples of guanine excreting animals

A

Spiders

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14
Q

Facts about excretion of urine

A
  1. Insoluble in water

2. Excreted is in form of crystals

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15
Q

Form of excretion of purines and pyrimidines in humans-

A
  1. Uric acid

2. Alanine and Iso-butyric acid

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16
Q

Equation of formation of Hippuric acid-

A

Benzoic acid + Glycine(Amino acid) → Hippuric Acid

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17
Q

Form of Excretion of benzoic acid in humans

A

Hippuric Acid

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18
Q

Form of Excretion of benzoic acid in Birds-

A

Ornithuric acid

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19
Q

Types of people which have creatine-

A
  1. New-born infants

2. Pregnant and lactating females

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20
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Product of metabolic breakdown of creatine

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21
Q

What are called as organs of homeostasis?

A

Excretory organs

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22
Q

Level of vertebral column at which kidney is present

A

T12, L1, L2
Or
Between last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae

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23
Q

Which kidney is higher in humans

A

Left kidney

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24
Q

Which kidney is higher in rabbits

A

Right kidney

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25
Why is right kidney lower than left in humans
Due to liver
26
Why is kidney called retro peritoneal?
Dorsal surface is attached to Dorsal abdominal wall
27
Colour of Kidney capsule
Reddish Brown
28
Type of tissue of kidney capsule
Fibrous C.T.
29
Lenth breadth and thickness of kidney
10cm, 5cm, 3cm
30
Dimensions of kidney
10cmx5cmx3cm
31
Weight of kidney
125-170 gm
32
Surfaces of Kidney which are convex and concave resp.
Lateral and Medial resp.
33
What leave and enter through the Hilum
1. Renal artery and nerve enter | 2. Renal vein and ureter leave
34
Funnel shaped area which leads to hilum
Renal pelvis
35
Renal columns of Bertini-
Spaces between medulla which are projections of cortex
36
How many medullary pyramids are there in the Kidney in humans?
8-12
37
How many medullary pyramids are there in the Kidney in rabbit?
1
38
Where does urine go after falling in collecting duct?
C.D→Duct of Bellini→Papilla→Renal Calyx→ Pelvis
39
Why does the urine not backflow?
The openings of the ureter are oblique
40
Name of muscle lined by bladder
Detrusor muscle externally and transitional epithelium internally
41
Muscles which controlls the two sphincters of the bladder
Circular muscles
42
When do the sphincter muscles relax in bladder?
During micturition to release urine
43
Names of parts of urethra in males-
1. Prostatic 2. Membranous 3. Penile
44
Names of parts of urethra in females
Both sphincters in membranous urethra
45
How does micturition reflex work?
When the urinary bladder gets stretched, the stretch receptors send signals to the CNS which initiate contraction of urethra
46
Length of nephrons
3cm
47
Malpighian Corpuscle
B.C + Glomerulus
48
Openings in the blood vessels of glomerulus
Phenestra
49
Special cells of Bowman's
Podocytes
50
Inner Epithelium of PCT
Brush Bordered
51
PCT allows reabsorption of-
Salt and water
52
Characteristics of Descending limb of H.O.P.(Upper)
1. Cuboidal epithelium 2. Same diameter as PCT 3. Less microvilli and mitochondria
53
Part of nephron with concentration mitochondria-
PCT
54
Characteristics of Descending limb of H.O.P.(Lower)
1. Diameter smaller than PCT 2. Flat epithelial cells 3. Permeable to only salt
55
Characteristics of Ascending limb of H.O.P.
Thin at First and then thick, lined with SSE and cuboidal epithelium respectively
56
Permeability of DCT
Salt only
57
Parts of nephrons in cortex region-
1. Malpighian corpuscle 2. PCT 3. DCT
58
Parts of nephrons in medulla-
1. L.O.H. 2. C.D. 3. Ducts of bellini
59
Vessel of peritubular capillary running parallel to LOH
Vasa Recta
60
Juxtamedullary nephrons-
Malpighian corpuscle present at junction of cortex and medulla and LOH lies deep at medulla
61
JGA-
Sensitive region formed by cellular modification in DCT and afferent arteriole at the location of their contact
62
JG cells-
Cells of afferent cells are swollen with deposition of inactive renin
63
Macula Densa-
Cells of DCT that get dense
64
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure-
B.P. in glomerular capillaries (60-75 mm Hg)
65
Reason for Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure-
Difference in diameter of afferent and efferent arteriole
66
Colloid Osmotic Pressure-
Osmotic pressure in blood of G.C due plasma proteins and resists filtration of blood (30 to 32 mm Hg)
67
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure-
Pressure caused by fluid that reaches into bowman's and resists filtration (10-18 mm Hg)
68
EFP
GHP-[COP+CHP]=10-25 mm Hg
69
Filtration coefficient
If EFP was 1 mm Hg, then total 12.5 ml plasma would have been filtered
70
GFR
F.C. x 10=125 ml/min
71
Renal Threshold-
The maximum amount of substance that can be reabsorbed after ultrafiltration
72
High Threshold substances-
Glucose, Acetic acid, Ketone bodies, Hormones, Creatine, Vitamin
73
Low Threshold substances-
Urea, uric acid
74
Athreshold substances
Creatinine, Inulin, Sulphate ion, PAH
75
Permeability, Concentration, volume of PCT-
1. Salt and water 2. Isotonic 3. Hypovolemic
76
Permeability Concentration, volume of thick descending LOH
1. Water only 2. Hypertonic 3. Hypovolemic
77
Permeability Concentration, volume of thin ascending limb of LOH-
1. Salt only 2. Normovolemic 3. Hypotonic
78
Permeability Concentration, volume of thick ascending limb of LOH-
1. Active transport of Salt 2. Normovolemic 3. Hypotonic
79
Permeability Concentration, volume of Proximal DCT-
1. Salt due to influence of Aldosterone and hence bicarbonate also due to strong electrostatic force of attraction 2. Hypotonic 3. Normovolemic
80
Permeability Concentration, volume of Distal DCT
1. Water due to ADH 2. Hypertonic 3. Hypovolemic
81
Permeability Concentration, volume of Collecting Duct-
Same as DCT
82
Increase in ADH-
Increases by Blood Pressure
83
Diseases caused in Diabetes Insipidus-
1. Polyuria | 2. Polydipsia
84
Diseases caused in Diabetes Mellitus-
1. Polyuria 2. Polydipsia 3. Polyphagia 4. Glycosuria 5. Hyperglycemia
85
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus-
1. Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans are destroyed | 2. Insulin-dependent D.M
86
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-
Body cells have lost sensitivity for insulin
87
Main function of kidney
Homeostasis
88
Function of Pronephon-
Only tubular secretion with no glomerulus
89
Examples of animals with pronephron
1. Cyclostomata | 2. Tadpole
90
Function of Mesonephon-
No Henle's Loop
91
Examples of animals with mesonephron
Adult amphibia
92
Animals with advanced Duct of Henle's Loop-
Reptiles, Aves, Mammals
93
Part of nephron for Countercurrent Multiplier-
Loop of Henle
94
Part of nephron for Countercurrent Exchanger-
Vasa Recta
95
Animals with only malpighian tubules
Cockroach
96
Animals with protonephridia-
Platyhelminthes | Cephalochordates
97
Animals with nephridia-
annelids
98
Animals with nephridia-
annelids
99
Aquaporin-
Molecules of a specific protein in epithelium of DCT and CD that are triggered by ADH
100
RAAS-
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
101
Oliguria-
Less production of urea/urine
102
Anuria-
No Production of urine
103
Glycosuria-
Excretion of glucose through urine
104
Uremia-
Excess of urea in blood
105
Calculi and cast salts-
Calcium oxalate/ Calcium phosphate/ Calcium Sulphate
106
Haematuria-
Excretion of blood through urine
107
Diseases that cause haematuria-
Blackwater disease, Bacterial infections
108
Diuresis-
Excess formation of urine
109
Dysuria-
Painful micturition
110
Urinode-
Substance that cause the smell of urine
111
Cystitis-
Infection of urinary bladder
112
Proteinuria-
Excess protein level in urine
113
Albuminuria-
Presence of albumin in urine when the Filtering slits enlarge in glomerulus
114
Ketonuria-
Presence of abnormally high ketone bodies in urine
115
Haemoglobinuria-
Presence of blood or blood cells in urine
116
Nephritis-
Inflammation of glomerulus due to bacterial infection
117
No. of functioning nephrons decrease by what rate and after what age?
By 10% every ten years after the age of 40 years
118
Hormones secreted by kidney-
Renin, Erythropeoitin
119
Urolithiasis-
Formation of calculi in the urogenital tract at any point
120
Glomerulonephritis-
Inflammation of glomerulus due to infection leads to renal failure and death
121
Renal failure-
1. Renal dysfunction 2. Oliguria 3. anuria 4. Sudden rise in urea, creatinine in blood
122
Composition of Basement membrane of Glomerulus-
1. Proteoglycans | 2. Collagen
123
3 layers of glomerular filtrate-
1. Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels 2. Basement membrane b/w glomerulus and bowman's capsule 3. Epithelium of bowman's capsule
124
Plasma constituent that doesn't pass through lumen for ultrafiltration-
Protein
125
Amount of urea excreted per day-
25-30 gm

Zoology-XI (3 decks)

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