Endocrine System

Question 1

What does the hypothalamus do

Answer 1

• regulate body temp., water balance, heart rate, releases releasing and inhibiting factors

Question 2

What hormones does the hypothalamus release

Answer 2

Releasing & inhibiting factors, oxytocin and ADH

Question 3

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release

Answer 3

FSH, LH, growth, Adrenocorticotropin, thyroid stimulating , prolactin, parathyroid stimulating

Question 4

What hormone does the pineal gland release

Answer 4

Melatonin

Question 5

What hormones does the pancreas secrete

Answer 5

Insulin & glucagon

Question 6

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete

Answer 6

Cortisol, adrenaline, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 7

What hormones does the thyroid produce

Answer 7

Thyroxine, calcitonin, triiodothyronine

Question 8

What hormones does the parathyroid release

Answer 8

Parathyroid hormone

Question 9

What hormone does the thymus make

Answer 9

Thymosin

Question 10

What hormones do the ovaries secrete

Answer 10

Oestrogen & progesterone

Question 11

What hormone does the testes secrete

Answer 11

Testosterone

Question 12

Prolactin target tissue and effects

Answer 12

Mammary glands - milk production

Question 13

Adrenocorticotropin target tissue and effect

Answer 13

Adrenal cortex, stimulate cortisol production

Question 14

Growth hormone

Answer 14

Growth and protein synthesis in all cells

Question 15

Gonadotrophins

Answer 15

Ovaries & testes, produce sperm and ova

Question 16

Ocytocin

Answer 16

Uterus, mammary glands - uterine cintractions, lactation

Question 17

ADH

Answer 17

Kidney tubules - water reabsorbtion

Question 18

Melatonin

Answer 18

Various tissues - circadian rhythm, sleep

Question 19

Thyroxine

Answer 19

Digestive system & muscle - metabolic rate

Question 20

Calcitonin

Answer 20

Bone, decrease calcium levels

Question 21

Triiodothyronine

Answer 21

Digestive & muscle - metabolic rate

Question 22

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 22

Bones - increase calcium levels

Question 23

Epinephrine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol

Answer 23

Stress, fight or flight, autonomic response

Question 24

Insulin

Answer 24

Blood - decrease blood sugar

Question 25

Glucagon

Answer 25

Liver - increase blood sugar

Question 26

3 ways endocrine glands are prompted to release/not release hormones

Answer 26

-hormonal - neural - Humoral

Question 27

Whats hormonal stimuli

Answer 27

Promotes release of another hormone Eg. Hypothalamus- pituitary

Question 28

Whats humoral stimuli

Answer 28

Changing in blood levels of certain ions and nutrients in turn stimulating hormone release Eg. Parathyroid prompted by low calcium levels

Question 29

Neural Stimuli

Answer 29

Directly innervated glands Eg. Adrenal medulla stimulated by action potential to release adrenaline and noradrenalin during stress

Question 30

What enables hormones to take action

Answer 30

Specific Protein receptors on target cell membranes/interior to which the hormone can attatch

Question 31

What do hormones effect

Answer 31

Cell membrane permiability or electrical state, synthesis of proteins, activation/inactivation of enzymes, stimulation of mitosis, promote secretory activity

Question 32

Things about steroid hormones

Answer 32

Lipid soluble, diffuse into cell, binds to receptor in cytoplasm, enters nucleus, promot biochemical action

Question 33

Steps of steroid hormone action

Answer 33

1 diffusion through cell membrane 2 enters cytoplasm 3 binds to specific receptor protein 4 hormone receptor complex binds to sites on DNA 5 transcription of mRNA 6 mRNA translated in cytoplasm - protein synthesis

Question 34

Things about peptide hormones

Answer 34

Water soluble, unable to enter target cells, bind to receptors on plasma membrane and utilise a second messenger system

Question 35

Steps for peptide hormone action

Answer 35

1 hormone binds to membrane receptor 2 activated receptor sets off a series of reactions - activating an enzyme 3 enzyme catalyses reactions that produce second messenger molecules (cAMP) 4 intracellular changes take place that promote the typical response of the target cell to the hormone

Question 36

Compare nervous system with endocrine

Answer 36

N - electrochemical message, high specificity of message, fast speed of response, some consious control, targeted response location E - chemical message, less specific message, slow speed of response, involuntary response, widespread response location

Question 37

What hormone does the thymus produce

Answer 37

Thymosin

Question 38

What does Thymosin do

Answer 38

Maturation of T lymphocytes

Question 39

Effects of steroid hormones

Answer 39

Slow to take effect but lasts long

Question 40

Effects of protein hormones

Answer 40

Quick response but short lasting

Question 41

Characteristics of protein receptors

Answer 41

-specific (lock and key) - only a certain amount on each cell - can lead to saturation

Question 42

How does the hypothalamus effect anterior and posterior pituitary glands

Answer 42

Anterior - blood vessels Posterior - nerves (stores and releases hormones - oxytocin & ADH)

Question 43

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

Answer 43

Stimulates growth of follicles and production of sperm

Question 44

Luitenising hormone effects

Answer 44

Stimulates ovulation Stimulates secretion of testosterone

Question 45

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 45

Secretion of thyroid hormones

Question 46

Prolactin

Answer 46

Milk production

Question 47

Examples of protein hormones

Answer 47

Insulin, glucagon, thyrocalcitonin, pituitary hormones, and hypothalamic hormones

Question 48

Examples of steroid hormones

Answer 48

Testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone