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endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs in the endocrine system?

A

endocrine glands- release hormones into blood

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2
Q

what are the general functions?

A
  1. maintains homeostasis by negative feedback regulation
  2. regulates growth and metabolism
  3. works closely with the nervous system
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3
Q

what are the differences between the endocrine vs nervous system?

A

1.chemical messenger:
endocrine: hormones
nervous: neurotransmitter
2. site of action:
endocrine: widespread (circulation)
nervous: localized (synapse)
3. nature of responce:
endocrine: slow + long term
nervous: rapid +short term

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4
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of action to stimulate the endocrine glands?

A
  1. humoral stimuli- in blood
  2. neural stimuli- ans
  3. hormonal stimuli- pituitary hormones
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5
Q

what do all three mechanisms to stimulate the endocrine do?

A

secretion of hormones into the blood

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6
Q

what happens once the secretion of hormones into the blood?

A
  1. hormone circulates freely
  2. hormone binds to carrier protein

which reaches the target cells and hormone binds to receptor in responce

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7
Q

what is a hormone half-life?

A

time for half of circulating hormone to be examined
typically less then 1minute to 60 min

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8
Q

how does hormone inactivation occur?

A

binds to receptor in target cell
metabolized in liver/excreted by kidneys
broken down by enzymes in the blood/tissue fluid

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9
Q

what is the structure of a lipid hormone?

A
  1. steroid hormone derived from cholesterol
    eg estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol
  2. eicosanoids derived from arachidonate
    eg, prostaglandins, leukotriennes(associated with inflammation)
    paracrine hormones
    chemical messengers released by cells into tissue fluid diffuses to nearby cells and has local effects only
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10
Q

what is the structure of peptide hormone?

A

peptides are small proteins
most hormones (GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ADH)

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11
Q

what is the structure of amino acid derived hormones?

A

small molecules called monoamines
eg. melatonin, thyroid hormones, epinephrine
includes norepinehprine and dopamine which can be released into the blood

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12
Q

what are membrane bound recpetors?

A

membrane bound receptors
- location in cell membrane
-bind hydrophillic hormones (cannot pass through the lipid bilayer)
-eg. most peptide and amino acid hormones

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13
Q

what are intracellular receptors?

A

location- cell cytoplasm or cell nucleus
bind to hydrophobic hormones can pass through the phospholipid bilayer
- eg steriod hormones and thyroid hormone

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14
Q

what is the mechanism of action of a peptide/ monoamine hormone?

A

1.transported freely in blood
2. bind to receptor on membrane of target cell activate second messenger via G protein

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15
Q

what is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

A
  1. carried by transport protein in blood
  2. diffuse into target cell and bind to intracellular receptor
  3. activates enzymes or genes
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16
Q

what are possible effects of hormones on target cells?

A
  1. open or close ion channels/transporters
  2. stimulate protein synthesis in target cells
  3. activate/inactivate enzymes
  4. induce secreation
  5. stimulate mitosis
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17
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate the endocrine system?

A

secretes hormones that regulate anterior pituitary function

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18
Q

what are the hormones the hypothalamus secretes?

A

RH- releasing hormones
stimulate synthesis or secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
IH- inhibatory hormones
inhibits synthesis of secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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19
Q

what are both hormones of the hypothalamus transported by?

A

RH and IH hormones transported via hypophyseal portal vein directly to pituitary

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20
Q

how does the pituitary regulate endocrine system?

A

hypophysis
master endocrine gland- secretes many tropic hormone

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21
Q

what is a tropic hormone?

A

hormone that regulates function of another endocrine gland

22
Q

what is the anterior pituitary?

A

adrenohypophysis
glandular tissue compromised of 5 types of cells
these cells secrete a total of 7 hormones

23
Q

what is the growth hormone? target and effect

A

GH or somatotropin
target: most cells especially liver
effects: stimulates growth by stimulating the liver to secrete sommatomedins to increase protein sysnthesis, bone growth
also affects fat/carbohydrate metabolism

24
Q

what is the hypothalamic regulation of GH?

A

GH-IH inhibits GH release
GH-RH stimulates GH release

25
what is the TSH?
thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropin target- thyroid gland effects- stimulates thyroid to release TH thyroid hormone hypothalamic regulation- TRH stimulates TSH release
26
what is FSH?
follicle stimulating hormone target- ovaries and testes effects- stimulates maturation of gametes sperm and egg hypothalamic regulation- Gn-RH stimulates FSH release Gn-IH inhibits inhibits FSH relaease
27
what is LH?
luteninzing hormone target- ovaries and testes effects- in females stimulates ovulation and progesterone production, in males stimulates testosterone production hypothalamic regulation- Gn-RH sitmulates LH release Gn- IH inhibits LH release
28
what is ACTH?
adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin target- adrenal cortex effect- stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucococoticoid hormones aka cortisol hypothalamic regulation- CRH stimulates ACTH release
29
what is MSH?
melanocyte stimulating hormone target-melanocytes effects- increases production of melanin levels are low in humans so not really understood
30
what is PRL?
Prolactin target- mammary glands effects- stimulates milk prodcution hypothalamic regulation- PRF prolactin releasing factor PIH- prolactin inhibiting hormone
31
what is the posterior pituitary?
neurohypophysis neural tissue not epithelial or glandular stores 2 neurohormones- produced in hypothalamus transported along axons to posterior pituitary
32
what is ADH?
Antidiuretic hormoner or vasopressin target- kidneys tubules effects- stimulates water and na+ reabsorption- concent by movement of water = osmosis and retains sodium alcohol inhibits ADH release
33
what is OT?
oxytocin target- smooth muscle in reproductive organs effects- in female triggers uterine contraction during childbirth and intercourse and mammary glands to let down milk in nipple in male propels semen through reproductive tract during ejaculation is also important in bonding/attachment love hormone
34
what are the two hormones in thyroid?
TH and calcitonin
35
what is TH
thyroid hormone t3 triiodothyronine t4 thyroxine both made from protein thyroglobulin and contains iodine secreted by follicle cells in responce to TSH t4 is converted to t3 becuase it is the biologically active form of TH
36
target and effects of TH?
target- most cells effects- increases the metabolic rate increases protein/fat/carb metabolism, heat production, heart rate and affects growth/development
37
what is different about TH peptide hormone?
is peptide hormone but iodine makes it lipophillic and it requires a transport protein and it binds to intraceellular receptors
38
what is calcitonin?
thyrocalcitonin target- bone and kidneys effects- decreases ca++ levels in the blood which inhibits osteoclasts and increases excretion of ca++ in urine
39
what is PTH?
parathyroid hormone target- bone and kidneys effects- increases ca++ levels in the blood which increases osteoblast activities so increases bone breakdown reduces calcium excretion in the urine activates vitamin d to d3 and increases absoprtion of dietary calcium
40
what are the two components to the adrenal glands?
outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla
41
what is aldosterone?
in adrenal cortex is mineralcorticoid target- kidneys effect- na+ reabsorption which increases water reabsorption and concentrates the urine and raises blood pressure also affects k+ levels in na+/k+ exchange pump
42
what is cortisol?
glucocotircoid in adrenal cortex target- most cells effect- is secreted in responce to stress reduces inflammation alters metabolism of protein and fats and suppresses the immune system
43
what is androgens?
gonadocorticoids in adrenal cortex adrenal cortex is also a source of sex hormone eg testosterone in females and estrogen after menopause
44
what is epinephrine/ norepinephrine?
in adrenal medulla target- most cells effects- activates sympathetic division of ANS flight fright flight responce increases levels with chronic stress
45
what are the two hormones of the pancreas?
insulin and glucagon
46
where do the endocrine cells (alpha and beta) reside?
located in pancreatic islets
47
what is insulin?
target- most cells effects-decreased blood glucose by stimulating blood glucose transport into cells also increases protein , glycogen, and fat synthesis
48
what happens in a insulin production deficiency?
secreted by beta cells destruction of beta cells results in type 1 diabetes and type two occurs when the body becomes unresponsive to insulin
49
what is glucagon??
secreted by alpha cells target- liver mainly, adipocytes effects- increase blood glucose by stimulating breakdown of glycogen and increasing synthesis of glucose by liver
50
what is the thymus?
secretes hormones involved in development of immune cells T-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland most active during fetal development and childhood and shrinks with age
51
what is the pineal gland?
location- epithalamic region of brain secretes hormone melatonin function- regulate light and dark cycles, potent antioxident, regulation of reproduction

biology 152 (28 decks)

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