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endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of

A

-glands tissue that secretes to make hormones
-hormones are chemical to set something in motion or stop something

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2
Q

4 classes of hormone

A
  • autocrine: make itself reproduce to fight infection (white blood cells)
  • paracrine: local, does something in 1 spot (WBC release histamine to cause vasodilation)
  • neurotransmitter: neuron to neuron or muscle or gland
  • endocrine: released into blood stream and goes everywhere
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3
Q

major functions of the endocrine system

A
  • growth
  • sextual development
  • mood
  • metabolism
  • effect how organs work
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4
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

endocrine: goes into the blood…deposits chemical directly to blood stream…everywhere
exocrine: puts chemical/fluids into duct to a specific place

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5
Q

endocrine system

A
  • not as fast… seconds to weeks
  • what cause can happen for seconds to weeks
  • broadcast
  • chemicals called hormones
  • intensity is concentrated
  • not nerve cells
  • release secretion into blood
  • no vesicles
  • some get inside cells
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6
Q

nervous system

A
  • very fast…milliseconds
  • continue as long as messages continue
  • specific
  • chemicals called neurotransmitters
  • brain, spinal cord
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7
Q

hormones modify internal biochemical operations within target cells by

A

influencing intracellular enzymes

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8
Q

a given hormone will only affect certain cells

A

determined by presence or absence of a receptor

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9
Q

several different structural categories of hormones, structural differences have functional implications

A

the way hormone is put together influences what can do
- some hormones interact with receptors on surface of cell
- other hormones diffuse into the cell to ______
- some hormones need help moving through the blood

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10
Q

peptide/proteins

A
  • most of hormones are this type
  • water soluble…get to bloodstream faster
  • small
  • lot of medicine(current) is focused on these
  • produced by pituitary gland and thyroid gland produce lot of those
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11
Q

peptide continued

A

made with amino acids with peptide bonds
can’t get into the cell, therefore have to bind with receptor on the outside, secondary messenger in cell tells nucleus to change

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12
Q

travel and life span of peptide hormones

A

most travel freely through blood, smaller travel with a protein (because broken down easier)
tend to have short half-life…2-30 min

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13
Q

steroids

A

lipids, fat soluble…testes and ovaries
made with: cholesterol - make hormones
can get into the cell because fat soluble, receptor inside instead of outside

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14
Q

travel and life span of steroids

A

attach to proteins, can’t move by themselves
half-life ranges days to weeks

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15
Q

amino acid derivatives/tyrosine derivatives

A

made with just one type of amino acid: tyrosine, come from thyroid and adrenal cortex
can act like steroids and peptides
thyroid hormone: lipid soluble/fat soluble
catecholamines: water soluble, made in adrenal glands

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16
Q

target cells

A

where the hormones are going
hormones go here to change how operates…target cell does something different
hormone hits a receptor and nucleus decides what to do

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17
Q

receptors

A

either on outside or inside
water soluble…hormone receptor outside
lipid soluble…hormone receptor on inside

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18
Q

negative feedback

A

hormones work on negative feedback, something changes, hormones sent to change
- cells respond to changes in extracellular fluid by releasing hormones when fluid goes back to normal, hormone production stops

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

ultamily in control of whole system
- king in control, not that much work
- synchronizes endocrine and nervous system

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20
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland…do all the work
small
divided front and back

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21
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus link: got hormones coming out of nervous system (RH & IH) get picked up by capillary and immediately dumped into capillaries
portal system: not using whole circulatory system

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22
Q

negative feedback to hypothalamus

A

presence of hormones after circling back turns off hypothalamus…in turn turns off anterior pituitary gland

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23
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone
turning thyroid on

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24
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenal gland…adrenal cortex
causes adrenal to release cortisol

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25
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone - testes and ovaries turn on testes or ovaries...making sperm or eggs
26
LH
luteinizing cause ovulation in women production of testosterone in men
27
PRL
prolactin make milk cause mammary glands to produce milk
28
GH
growth hormone all cells grow and reproduce...specifically skeletal muscles tend to have more when sleep, make more after exercise and trama
29
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone produce skin pigment
30
posterior pituitary gland
contains axons from neurons from hypothalamus 2 hormones... ADH - anti diuretic (keep water) tells kidneys not to take as much water out oxytocin - stimulates labor, allows milk to be released, emotional bonding during sex
31
thyroid gland
in neck, throat in front of trachea shape: looks like butterfly goiter: swelling in thyroid gland...hard to swallow...caused by lack of iodine
32
tyroxine
T4 4 iodine attached to molecule 80% of what thyroid makes is T4 amino acid
33
Triiodothyronine
T3 3 iodine attached to it 10% of what thyroid makes is T3 amino acid
34
what do T4 & T3 do?
doing basically same thing... - increase production of ATP in mitochondria - increasing metabolism - effect on body temp and heart rate
35
calcitonin
peptide reducing calcium in blood...helps keep bones strong - allow kidney to get rid of some - decrease osteoclast activity if too much can end up with kidney stones 10% of what thyroid produces
36
parathyroid glands
attached to thyroid...4 spots that are doing different stuff also about calcium
37
PTH
parathyroid hormone opposite of calcitonin increase calcium in blood - inhibit osteoblast - increase osteoclast - tell kidney's to not get rid of so much
38
adrenal cortex
outer layer- looks yellow because of the amount of fat stored (cholesterol) - making steroids...about 2 dozen, collectively call corticosteroids
39
corticosteroids
cortisol- stress hormone..."enemy of weight loss" anti inflammatory vasoconstriction- blood vessels get smaller so blood pressure goes up suppress immune system effect mood...stress and anxiety
40
adrenal medulla
inside of adrenal gland controlled by the sympathetic nervous system(arouse/excite, fight or flight) ...fast, 30 seconds, last for 30 min-hour...adrenalin produces 2 hormones
41
2 hormones produced by adrenal medulla
epinephrine - help us use energy/increases ability - increase glucose use - increase heart rate - muscles stronger norepinephrine -increase heart rate let glucose out so can use - increase blood pressure, get blood to muscle
42
pineal gland
in brain, very small, roof of thalamus...deep in brain makes melatonin...help with sleep, is antioxidant...help prevent cancer vision effects melatonin goes down during puberty...why sleep less
43
pancreas
in digestive system mainly exocrine, but some are endocrine - islets of langerhans 1%-still about 1 mill cells 2 types... alpha cells - some make glucagon(increase glucose in blood) beta cells - make insulin(take sugar/glucose out of blood)
44
homeostasis of blood glucose levels
normal level = 70-110 mg/dl (use 100 in class)
45
kidneys
mainly part of urinary system...does have 2 hormones it releases - calcitriol: releases by kidney because of PTH, needs vitamin D, increase calcium digestion-get from digestive track into blood - EPO: made by kidneys when oxygen levels get low...make red blood cells, more red blood cells means thicker blood and more endurance
46
Heart
cardiovascular system ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide cause kidneys to make more water and sodium so can lower blood pressure
47
Thymus
lymphatic/immune system located by heart thymosins: collection of hormones, not 1 hormone when become adult this gland doesn't work anymore. help in the immune system making white blood cells
48
Gonads
generic term for testes and ovaries 1. testosterone: both genders make, but women make less - sperm production - muscle mass 2. estrogen: both genders make, men make less - women extra - in ovaries...production of eggs - bone density...not enough estrogen, bones weak Leptin: made in fat cells, supposed to tell the brain to stop eating(control appetite)
49
when blood sugar is up ...
insulin is used to take back down to normal level
50
when blood sugar is down
glucagon is used to bring it up
51
blood sugar/insulin
- increase rate of glucose in the cells - increased rate of glucose utilization - increased rate of glucose into glycogen - increased protein synthesis (put together) - increased putting fat together
52
blood sugar/glucagon
- increased breakdown of glycogen into glucose - increased breakdown of fats - increased synthesis of glucose by liver
53
integumentary system
testosterone promotes hair growth. estrogen promotes added fat
54
skeletal system
calcitonin and calcitriol regulate calcium
55
muscular system
GH and testosterone increase size of skeletal muscles
56
nervous system
testosterone and estrogen can influence mood and behavior
57
cardiovascular system
EPO increases RBC. epinephrine increases heart rate
58
lymphatic system
Thymosins make WBC
59
respiratory system
epinephrine opens airways
60
digestive system
calcitriol helps digest calcium
61
urinary system
ADH increases water retention. ANP increases water excretion
62
reproductive system
FSH and LH regulate testes and ovaries

anatomy (8 decks)

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