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anatomy > Physiology of Muscles > Flashcards

Physiology of Muscles Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the muscular system

A

movement, posture and position, constriction of organs and vessels, guard entrances and exits, body temperature, respiration, communication

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2
Q

general properties of muscle

A

contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

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3
Q

anatomy of skeletal muscle

A

gross anatomy
- connective tissue: fascia
- epimysium
-tendon
- perimysium
- fascicule
- endomysium
nerves and blood vessels

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4
Q

connective tissue: fascia

A

connective tissue around whole muscle, keeps muscle separate from skin

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5
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue around whole muscle

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6
Q

tendon

A

connective tissue coming off the muscle, going to bone

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7
Q

perimysium

A

divides muscle into smaller sections. blood vessels and nerves travel through to get where they need to go

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8
Q

fascicule

A

one section of muscle tissues

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9
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue around individual muscle cells

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10
Q

nerves and blood vessels

A

changeable, can change the number of blood vessels and nerve connections you have

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11
Q

microanatomy

A

-fiber
-sarcolemma
-sarcoplasm
-transverse tubules
-sarcoplasmic reticulum
-myofibrils
- sarcomere
- actin
- myosin

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12
Q

fiber

A

cell, long and skinny

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13
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane

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14
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm, fluid inside muscle fiber

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15
Q

transverse tubules

A

tubes that go deep into muscle fibers from surface. can carry electrical charges

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16
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

parallel to axis of fiber. holds calcium

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17
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of proteins in muscle fiber, run the whole length of the fiber

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18
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of a muscle

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19
Q

actin

A

thin protein strand in the sarcomere

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20
Q

myosin

A

thick band of protein with multiple heads

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21
Q

muscle contraction

A
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22
Q

mechanics inside a myofibril/sarcomere

A
  • cross bridges
  • troponin
  • tropomyosin
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23
Q

cross bridges

A

myosin head connected to action. myosin head connects to active sites on the action. ATP is used to let go

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24
Q

troponin

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A

bead like protein attached to actin and tropomyosin, likes to connect with calcium. when calcium connects to troponin it changes the shape, when this happens, the tropomyosin is moved off the active sites

25
tropomyosin
ribbon like protein. lies along actin, covering active sites. its job is to cover and get pulled of the active sites
26
inside a muscle fiber, outside myofibril
- transverse tubule - sarcoplasmic reticulum
27
T tubule
an action potential travels down the T tubule and hits a VSP, which changes shape when it gets hit. VSP has a foot like projection that is connected to calcium gate in the SR...opens gate
28
sarcoplasmic reticulum
high concentration of calcium in it, so when gate opens, Ca will flood out through diffusion
29
surface of the muscle fiber
- motor endplate - sarcolemma
30
motor endplate
part of sarcolemma that receives neurotransmitter. motor endplate starts and action potential
31
sarcolemma
action potential goes all over sarcolemma and down the T tublules
32
muscle stimulation
33
motor neuron
kind of neuron that tells something what to do
34
euromuscular junction
where neuron and muscle communicate, don't actually touch
35
acetylcholine
name of neurotransmitter that tells muscle to contract
36
motor units
a neuron and all the muscle fiber it contains motor learning gives us coordination...which unit to fire and in what order
37
energy for contraction
ATP CP anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration oxygen debt
38
ATP
always making and using 2-3 seconds worth floating in muscle cell
39
CP
creatine phosphate, energy in bond that is easily broken. that energy can be used to make ATP, there is no waste product. it also holds energy in the muscle cell you can only use what you have...have 6 seconds worth in the muscle cell. it takes 5-8 min to put it back together
40
anaerobic respiration
using food and getting energy out of it without oxygen glycolysis happens in sarcoplasm can do for 30-40 seconds before creating waste product/Lactic acid outside the mitochondria-high intensity(sprinting) lactic acid changes the PH which causes fatigue at rest ATP remakes creatine phosphate +2ATP, +2NADH
41
aerobic respiration
just in the mitochondria, no limit. always going until die gives more ATP than anaerobic in mitochondria... 2 processes, Krebs and oxidative glucose(C6H12)6) becomes pyruvate during glycolysis then pyruvate goes to mitochondria then is changed into 6H2O and 6CO2 +2ATP, + 36 ATP 1 glucose molecule gives grand total of 38 ATP waste product = CO2 and H2O
42
oxygen debt
when breathing heavy after exercise is done - anaerobic to the point of making LA 4 reasons - need extra O to help restore stored ATP - so can replace CP - to help get rid of LA, along with breathing heart rate up LA goes into heart and use as fuel - repair the muscle cell
43
muscle fatigue
high intensity exercise - change in PH of cell, doesn't contract as well - run out of ATP - sprinting and jumping low intensity exercise - jogging 1. decrease motivation drive: motivation trumps fatigue...physiological 2. decreased intra muscle fuel supply: run out of fuel in muscle cell - glucose 3. decreased extra muscle fuel: extra glucose, sugar in blood 4. decreased O2 delivery to working skeletal muscle: less blood to working muscles, temp-rather run in the cold than hot
44
muscle fiber types
type 1 type 2a type 2b always uning type 1 fibers. harder activity, more type 2a and type 2b used
45
type 1
"slow twitch" endurance, always used stay skinny posture and leg muscles myoglobin(high) blood vessels(many) mitochondria(high) ATPase(slow)
46
type 2a
"fast twitch" speed get bigger legs myoglobin(med) blood vessels(med) mitochondria(med) ATPase(med)
47
type 2b
"fast twitch" power(explosive), last recruit get bigger arms myoglobin(low) blood vessels(low) mitochondria(low) ATPase(fast)
48
Isotonic
contraction where use same amount of force
49
isometric
same length using muscle -working but not changing length -posture muscles *using all the time to stay still*
50
isokintic
speed controled
51
prime mover
main muscle doing action
52
synergist
helper muscle
53
antagonist
muscles that do the opposite action
54
concentric
when muscle that's working gets shorter
55
eccentric
when muscle that's working gets longer
56
origin
where a muscle is anchored less movable
57
insertion
where a muscle is moving a bone more moveable
58
smooth muscle
no striations/strips...gets name from what looks like involuntary around BV and air passageways, intestines: more internal stretching makes it contract, helps blood pressure-always pushing less than 1% mitochondrial volume
59
cardiac muscle
has stripes involuntary 40% mitochondrial volume -never going anaerobic -aerobic 100% of time

anatomy (8 decks)

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