endocrine system

Question 1

Pituitary gland

Answer 1

produces hormones that act on other endocrine glands and controls their hormone production

Question 2

Thyroid gland

Answer 2

only gland that stores hormones until they are needed

Question 3

Adrenal medulla

Answer 3

prepares body for physical activity

Question 4

Pancreas

Answer 4

• exocrine gland
• endocrine gland
• alpha cells
• beta cells

Question 5

exocrine gland

Answer 5

consists of pancreatic digestive juices

Question 6

endocrine gland

Answer 6

consists of pancreatic islets

Question 7

alpha cells

Answer 7

secrete glucagon

Question 8

beta cells

Answer 8

secrete insulin

Question 9

glucose levels after a meal vs when you are hungry

Answer 9

After a meal you have high blood glucose levels, so the pancreas makes insulin decreasing the blood glucose level
Hungry / fasting you have low blood glucose levels so the pancreas creates glucagon and the liver releases stored glucagon to increase blood glucose levels

Question 10

structure of the pituitary gland.

Answer 10

2 parts
Posterier pituitary (neurohypophysis)
extension of hypothalamus
Axons from hypothalamohypophysial tract
2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
secretes hormones
Blood vessels make up Hypothalamohypophysial portal system

Question 11

hormone

Answer 11

Hormones are chemical messengers produced in one part of the body that affects cells in another part of the body

Question 12

Endocrine

Answer 12

can affect distant organs with the correct response

Question 13

Paracrine

Answer 13

regionally active

Question 14

Autocrine

Answer 14

within a cell, from cell to neighbouring cell

Question 15

negative feedback and give an example

Answer 15

inhibition or reduction by the hormone itself
Eg hypothermia
hypothermia cause TRH to be released from neurons in the hypothalamus passing through the Hypothalamohypophysial portal system into the anterior pituitary
TRH causes the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH
TSH causes increase synthesis and release of T3 and T4
T3 and T4 act on the target tissue
This then has an inhibitory effect on the secretion of TRH as the body temp is back to normal and it no longer is hypothermic

Question 16

positive feedback and give an example.

Answer 16

stimulating / producing
Cycle continues until a big change occurs
Eg oxytocin during labour
the stretch of the uterus increases action potentials in axons
Action potentials are sent up to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus responds by producing oxytocin which travels through axons in the hypothalamohypophysial tract
Oxytocin then enters circulation increasing contractions, and milk ejection
Continues until the baby is born

Question 17

hormones released from the anterior pituitary

Answer 17

• TSH
• ACTH
• FSH
• LH
• GH
• prolactin
  MSH

Question 18

TSH meaning

Answer 18

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 19

TSH

Answer 19

tropic
stimulates thyroid to secrete T3 and T4
increases metabolism
Increases body temp
Increase normal growth and development

Question 20

ACTH meaning

Answer 20

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 21

ACTH

Answer 21

tropic
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and aldosterone
androgens

Question 22

cortisol

Answer 22

• anti stress
• regulates glucose
• regulates blood pressure

Question 23

aldosterone

Answer 23

water and sodium balance and blood pressure

Question 24

androgens

Answer 24

estrogen and testosterone development and maintenance of some sex characteristics

Question 25

LH meaning

Answer 25

Luteinising hormone

Question 26

FSH meaning

Answer 26

follicle stimulating hormone

Question 27

LH and FSH

Answer 27

tropic stimulate testes and ovaries to produce testosterone and oestrogen - stimulate the development of sperm / oocyte and secondary sex characteristics

Question 28

GH meaning

Answer 28

growth hormone

Question 29

GH

Answer 29

tropic and non tropic stimulates protein synthesis in liver Promotes bone and cartilage growth Peak levels during deep sleep

Question 30

Prolactin

Answer 30

non tropic - breast cells - role in milk production Supply and demand: the more the baby sucks the more is produced

Question 31

MSH meaning

Answer 31

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 32

MSH

Answer 32

non tropic skin cells causes melanocytes to produce more melanin

Question 33

hormones released from the posterior pituitary

Answer 33

ADH Oxytocin

Question 34

ADH meaning

Answer 34

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 35

ADH

Answer 35

stimulates increased absorption of sodium and water from nephrons so less urine is produce if BP decreases then the ADH secretion is stimulated Keeps water in the body Increases blood volume and therefore blood pressure

Question 36

oxytocin

Answer 36

uterine contractions during birth, ejection of milk from lactating breast positive feedback

Question 37

nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 37

Nervous instant Milliseconds / seconds Neurotransmitters Nerve impulses (axons) Muscles and glands endocrine delayed minutes / days hormones blood cells

Question 38

types of hormone secretion

Answer 38

Acute - sudden release due to stimulation eg adrenaline response to stress Chronic - small variations over long period of time eg thyroid hormones Episodic - oestrogen and progesterone during menstrual cycle

Question 39

Tropic vs non-tropic

Answer 39

Tropic hormones - stimulates the secretion of other hormones from target tissues Eg LH is released which talks to the gonads to produce testosterone Non - tropic - initiate an effect