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Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

How does hormone release process work?

A

Endocrine gland
Bloodstream
Target organs

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2
Q

What is a hormone and what is their function?

A

Body’s chemical messengers
Communicate with specific organs
Instigate a process within

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3
Q

What else can stimulate hormone release (other than hormones)?

A

Stimulation by signals from nervous system (e.g. induced ovulation)

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4
Q

3 chemical structures of hormones?

A

Amines - from amino acids
Protein (peptides) - from chains of amino acids
Steroid - from cholesterol

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5
Q

Name of hormone glands (6)

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland (2)
Adrenal gland (2)
Pancreas
Ovary (2)
Testes (2)

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6
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

Forebrain
Ventral to hypothalamus

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7
Q

Location of 2 thyroid glands

A

Midline and ventrally over the first rings of trachea

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8
Q

Location of 2 adrenal glands

A

On the cranial pole of each kidney

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9
Q

Location of pancreas

A

Loop of duodenum

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10
Q

Structure of pancreas?

A

Pink lobular gland

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11
Q

Location of 2 ovaries

A

Dorsally and bilaterally within the abdomen

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12
Q

Location of 2 testes

A

Lie within the scrotum

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13
Q

Function of pituitary gland

A

Controls actions of many other glands

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14
Q

What is connected to pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus by infundibulum

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15
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Direct link between 2 control systems: nervous and endocrine

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16
Q

What hormones are secreted in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

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17
Q

What hormones are secreted in the anterior pituitary gland? (6)

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinising Hormone/ Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (LH/ICSH)
Prolactin

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18
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Target

A

Thyroid gland

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19
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Function

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

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20
Q

Growth Hormone (GH): Target

A

Tissues/ mainly bones

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21
Q

Growth Hormone (GH): Functions (2)

A
  1. Growth of bones
  2. Synthesis of new protein
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22
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Target

A

Cortex of adrenal gland

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23
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Function

A

Help the adrenal cortex release corticosteroids

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24
Q

Prolactin: Target

A

Mammary glands

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25
Prolactin: Functions (2)
1. Stimulates development of mammary glands 2. Production of milk
26
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Target
Germ cells of the ovaries/ Seminiferous tubules of the testes
27
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Function
Stimulates development of the follicle in ovary/ sperm in the seminiferous tubules of testes
28
Luteinising hormone/ Interstitial cell stimulating: Target
Follicle of the ovaries (F)/ Interstitial cells of testes (M)
29
Luteinising hormone/ Interstitial cell stimulating: Function
Ovulation & development of corpus luteum in ovary (F) Stimulates production of testosterone by interstitial cells of testes (M)
30
Anti-Diuretic Hormone ADH: Target
Distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts of kidneys
31
Anti-Diuretic Hormone ADH: Function
Makes DCT and CD of kidneys more permeable to water So water can move back into circulation
32
Oxytocin: Target
Smooth muscle of uterine wall Mammary glands
33
Oxytocin: Function (2)
Smooth muscle wall of uterus to contract at parturition Stimulates let-down of milk from mammary glands
34
Hormones secreted by Thyroid gland
Thyroxine & Calcitonin
35
Thyroxine T4: Target
All systems of body
36
Thyroxine T4: Functions (4)
1. Increases oxygen use by cells 2. Increases carb breakdown 3. Increases metabolic rate 4. Promotion of growth
37
Calcitonin: Target
Blood and bones
38
Calcitonin: Function
Lowers amount of calcium in blood by decreasing rate of resorption of calcium by kidneys
39
Location of parathyroid gland
Either side of thyroid glands, in pairs
40
What is secretion of parathormone dependent on?
Levels of calcium detected in blood
41
Parathormone: Gland
Parathyroid gland
42
Parathormone: Targets (2)
Digestive system and bones
43
Parathormone: Function (2)
Reabsorption of calcium from bones and increases calcium uptake from digestion
44
Name of endocrine cells in pancreas?
Islets of langerhans
45
Hormones released by pancreas
Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin
46
Regions of pancreas
Left lobe Right lobe Body
47
3 main cells that make up the islets of Langerhans?
Alpha cells (glucagon) Beta cells (insulin) Delta cells (somatostatin)
48
Insulin: Target
Most cells except RBC
49
Insulin: Function
Increases uptake of glucose by cells Causes glucose to be converted in2 glycogen and stored in liver & muscle cells
50
Glucagon: Targets (2)
Liver and muscles
51
Glucagon: Function
Converts glycogen back into glucose
52
Somatostatin: Target
Alpha & Beta cells
53
Somatostatin: Function (2)
Regulates insulin & glucagon secretion to avoid spikes in glucose Decreases gut motility
54
2 areas of adrenal glands
Outer cortex and inner medulla
55
Produced by adrenal medulla glands?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
56
Produced by adrenal cortex glands?
Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldesterone
57
Adrenaline and noradrenaline: Targets (4)
Heart Blood vessels Airways Gut
58
Adrenaline and noradrenaline: Function
Involved in fight, flight and fright response
59
Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol: Target
Many tissues
60
Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol: Function
Reduce glucose uptake by cells Raising BGL
61
Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone: Target
DCT of kidney
62
Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone: Function
Increases sodium & water reabsorption Thus raising blood pressure
63
Hormones secreted by ovaries?
Oestrogen and progesterone
64
Oestrogen: Target (4)
Reproductive tract Pituitary gland Mammary tissues Behavioural centres
65
Oestrogen: Function (4)
Prepares the reprod. tract for mating Inhibits release of FSH by pituitary gland Encourages development of mammary tissues Causes behavioural changes linked with oestrus
66
Progesterone: Target
Reproductive tract & hypothalamus
67
Progesterone: Function
Inhibits further development of follicles Prepares and maintains the reproductive tract and pregnancy
68
Testosterone: Target
Diff tissues and behavioural centres
69
Testosterone: Function
Stimulates sperm production Male behavioural characteristics and libido Development of male sexual characteristics
70
Homeostatis
Constant internal environment within the body: from int/ext environment
71
What maintains homeostatis?
Control systems: endocrine and nervous system
72
Example of endocrine mechanism of homeostatis?
Control of blood sugar levels
73
A rise in blood sugar levels is caused by…
Release of insulin from pancreas Which in turn causes Uptake of glucose from blood by cells
74
A fall in blood sugar levels is caused by …
Release of glucagon from pancreas which in turn causes Conversion of glycogen in the liver into glucose for release into the blood stream
75
Example of nervous mechanism of homestatis
Thermoregulation
76
What happens when body temp drops?
Vasoconstriction: reduces heat loss from evaporation & radiation
77
What happens when body temp rises?
Vasodilation: increases heat loss from evaporation and radiation
78
What is negative feedback?
Away from set point Return to set point Corrective measures are switched off
79
Example of negative feedback mechanism?
Control of blood glucose levels
80
Example of positive feedback mechanism?
Hormone oxytocin Uterine contractions Amplifying mechanism

Nutrition (3 decks)

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