Nutrition assessment Flashcards by Emma Dedman

Energy nutrients

Carbs, fat and protein

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Non energy nutrients

Vitamins, water, minerals

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What cannot be broken down by enzymes in dogs and cats?

Complex plant carbs aka cellulose

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Cellulose does not provide………to dogs and cats

energy

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Functions of carbohydrates (3)

Primary source of energy for bodily functions (respiration, walking)

Helps maintain body temp

Source of dietary fibre

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Sources of carbs (animal & plant based)

Animal: milk (lactose)

Plant:
Cereal starches (oats, lentils, rice)
Potatoes
Fruit
Veg

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What happens if there is a carb defficiency? 4

Low energy
Hunger
Weakness/dizziness
Hypoglycaemia

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Excess of carbs (4)

Weight gain
Weight loss (fibre)
Hyperglycaemia
Diabetes

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Functions of protein (5)

Growth & repair of body tissues

Transport of oxygen (haemoglobin)

Helps to regulate hormones/ enzymes

Source of energy (cats)

Important for immunity as antibodies are made from protein

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Sources of protein (animal & plant based)

Animal:
Meat (fish, bird, mammal)
Eggs
Milk

Plant:
Soya, pulses, beans
Cereals

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2 types of amino acids

Essential & non-essential

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Difference between essential & non-essential amino acids

Essential: cannot be synthesised enough in the body: must be in diet
Non-essential: can be synthesised in the body: not needed in diet

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Taurine

Essential amino acid - needed for cats and ferrets

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Quality of protein is expressed as its

Biological Value (BV)

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Biological value is

Percentage of absorbed protein that is retained by the body

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Highest biological value protein source is..

egg (BV of 93-100%)

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Protein deficiencies (4)

Poor growth
Muscle loss
Weakness/ Fatigue
Increased risk of infection & disease

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Protein excess

Obesity
Possible links with kidney & urine problems

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Functions of fat (6)

Most concentrated form of energy

Aids absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)

Insulation

Healthy skin & coat

Protects internal organs

Improves food palatability

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2 main types of Essential fatty acids in dogs and cats

Omega 3 and Omega 6

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Which EFA is essential for cats but not dogs?

Taurine amino acid

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Fat sources

Animal:
Milk
Fish oil
Fat of body origin

Vegetable origin fats:
Nuts
Seed oils (sunflower, oil seed rape, linseed)

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Fat deficiencies (5)

Impaired wound healing

Poor coat condition

Dry skin

Weight loss

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies

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Fat excesses

Obesity leading to:
Heart disease, Mobility issues, Diabetes, Shortened life span

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Vitamins (4)

Organic compounds Essential for normal physiological functioning Not synthesised in the body and must come from diet Absence of specific vitamins causes some deficiency syndromes

Fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E and K Stored in body fat: less prone to deficiencies but more prone to toxicity

Water-soluble vitamins (2)

C and B complex Lost with water from body and not store: deficiency of these more likely but toxicity v. unlikely

Vitamin A - sources and essential for?

Sources: Fish oils, liver, eggs Essential for: Bone & muscle growth Vision Reproduction Immunity

Deficiency in Vitamin A (Hypovitaminosis A) causes

Night blindness Dry eyes

Excess (Hypervitaminosis A)

Skeletal malformations/ fusion of vertebrae

Vitamin D sources

Marine fish and fish oils

Vitamin D is essential for

Calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Hypovitaminosis D

Rickets (poor bone mineralisation) Osteomalacia

Hypervitaminosis D

Hypercalcaemia Soft tissue mineralisation Renal failure

Vitamin E (source)

Only produced in plants (vegetable oils, seeds, grains)

Vitamin E is essential for

Antioxidant Immune system Skin and eyes

Hypovitaminosis E

Muscular weakness Impaired reproduction

Hypervitaminosis E

Rare: can impair absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin K source

Present in green leafy veg

Vitamin K is essential for

Blood clotting

Hypovitaminosis K

Coagulopathy (rodenticide)

Hypervitaminosis K

Unlikely

Vitamin B toxicity

does not occur

Who can synthesise Vitamin C?

Most mammals except primates, Guinea pigs and bats.

Vitamin C is essential for

Wound healing Immunity Antioxidant effect Formation of collagen

Hypovitaminosis C

Aka scurvy Lethargy Painful joints Poor coat condition Weight loss Bruising Diarrhoea

Hypervitaminosis C

Unlikely to occur

2 classes of minerals

Macro-minerals & micro-minerals (aka trace minerals)

Difference between macro-minerals and micro-minerals?

Macro-minerals are required in larger amounts

Macro-minerals (6)

Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Potassium Sodium Chloride

Micro-minerals (7)

Iron Copper Zinc Fluoride Selenium Iodine Manganese

Main functions of water (8)

Transport of material between cells/ tissues Electrolyte balance pH balance Temp regulation Removal of waste Lubrication of tissue cells Major component of blood and lymph Involved in some chemical reactions

Water is not..

stored in any quantity by body so it needs replacing as soon as it's lost

Water can be lost from the body in (5)

Urine Faeces via lungs when breathing Sweat Vomit

Signs of dehydration (7)

Tenting skin Sunken eyes Tacky mucous membranes Excessive thirst Lethargy Increased urine concentration When severe: signs of shock

Dog nutrition: dogs need ..

Essential amino acids

Amino acids examples (3- full list 10)

Lysine Tyrosine Valine —- Arginine Histidine Leucine Isoleucine Lysine Methionine Phenyalalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Valine

Cats need...

same essential amino acids as dogs + taurine + arachidonic acid

Cats don't need..

carbohydrate

Cats cannot produce...

their own vitamin A

Moisture contents in moist, semi-moist and dry commercial foods

Moist: 70-80% moisture Semi-moist: 20-30% moisture Dry: 10-14% moisture

ME stands for

Metabolisable Energy = portion of food energy available to animal to metabolise in its system

MER stands for

Maintenance Energy Requirement = energy requirement of a moderately active adult animal.

Calculation of how much food a dog needs?

MER x 1000 % ME

Too much calcium for an adult cat?

Struvite urolith formation

Effect of too much phosphorous (not enough calcium)?

Bone deformities Weakened bones and teeth

Function of iron

Constituent of haemoglobin Needed to carry oxygen in RBC

What vitamin is needed to absorb calcium and phosphorus

Vitamin D

Main source of carbs for hamster

Starch (cereals)

If you feed a cat too much raw fish/ only raw fish?

Vitamin B1 deficiency

Complete food means

Essential ingredients Correct ratio Appropriate amount of energy

Life stage events that need an adjustment of MER

Growth phase Adult phase Pregnancy Lactating Geriatric

Why energy requirements change when animal is unwell?

Animal needs more energy for repair

What is different in premium foods (as opposed to budget)?

Higher levels of: Higher value proteins animal proteins fat levels More expensive

Nutritional requirements for juvenile dogs and pregnant bitches (3)

Higher energy density Higher levels of protein of high BV Higher levels of calcium and phosphorous

Nutritional requirements for working dogs (4)

Higher energy density Higher protein of high BV Highly digestible diet Increased fat content

Nutritional requirements for geriatric dogs (5)

Lower energy density Reduced protein but of higher BV Reduced salt Higher fibre Rich in EFA

Nutrition assessment Flashcards

(77 cards)