Endocrine System

Question 1

What regulates the secretions of hormones

Answer 1

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)

Question 2

HPA regulates secretion of hormones from which glands

Answer 2

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal

Question 3

What is another word for pituitary

Answer 3

Hypophysis

Question 4

When does a positive feedback loop occur

Answer 4

When the pituitary gland senses a decrease in the blood levels of a hormone produced by the target cell or tissue

Question 5

Negative feedback loop

Answer 5

Prevents the unregulated release of a hormone from the pituitary gland into the blood when the target cell or tissue may be non-responsive

Question 6

Chemical structure of hormones

Answer 6

Amines- derived from amino acids (tryptophan, tryosine)
Peptides- derived from peptides (cystine, glycine)
Steroids- derived from cholesterol

Question 7

Where are hormones produced

Answer 7

Hypothalamus

Question 8

Where are hormones stored/ delivered after production

Answer 8

Pituitary gland

Question 9

Where are RHs secreted

Answer 9

Hormones stored on anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Question 10

What is ADH/ antiduiretic hormone also called

Answer 10

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Question 11

What is secreted on the posterior pituitary lobe

Answer 11

ADH

Question 12

What gland lies superioly to kidneys

Answer 12

Suprarenal gland

Question 13

Layers of suprarenal glands

Answer 13

Cortex
Medulla

Question 14

What hormones are secreted in the cortex of suprarenal gland

Answer 14

(Corticosteroids)
CORTISOL
ALDOSTERONE
androgens

Question 15

Hormones secreted by medulla of suprarenal gland

Answer 15

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 16

What is aldosterone

Answer 16

An mineralocorticoid that plays a mohair role in blood pressure, ion and fluid balance

Question 17

What triggers the positive feedback mechanism for secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

Answer 17

RAAS

Question 18

When is the positive feedback triggered

Answer 18

When there is low blood pressure and low blood volume

Question 19

When is negative feedback triggered

Answer 19

Once blood pressure, ion and fluid levels are back to normal

Question 20

What is cortisol

Answer 20

A glucocorticoid that plays a role in the body’s response to stress

Question 21

Explain how stress is relieved

Answer 21

1.CRF (corticotropin- releasing factor) is secreted from the hypothalamus into capillary plexus
2.CRF stimulates anterior pituitary lobe to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)
3. ACTH stimulates secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex

Question 22

Hormones contained by follicles of thyroid gland

Answer 22

Thyroid hormones

Question 23

Secretions of thyroid gland

Answer 23

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine)

Question 24

What secrets Calcitonin and its function

Answer 24

C cells
Decrease plasma calcium levels

Question 25

Function of C cells

Answer 25

Regulate blood calcium levels along with parathyroid hormone

Question 26

During the process of stress relief,what factor is secreted from hypothalamus

Answer 26

CRF

Question 27

Where is CRF secreted to from hypothalamus

Answer 27

Primary capillary plexus

Question 28

Which lobe of pituitary gland is stimulated by CRF To secrete which hormone during stress relief?

Answer 28

Anterior ACTH to secrete cortisol

Question 29

Summary of how cortisol is secreted

Answer 29

CRF to primary capillary plexus ACTH to anterior lobe of pituitary Cortisol secretion (adrenal cortex)

Question 30

Results of cortisol secretion

Answer 30

Gluconeogenesis Protein mobilisation Fat mobilisation Stability of lysosomes

Question 31

What structures of thyroid gland contain thyroid hormones

Answer 31

Follicles

Question 32

Secretion of thyroid hormone

Answer 32

Stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 33

Where is TRH released to

Answer 33

Median eminence of hypothalamic stalk

Question 34

What does release of TRH trigger

Answer 34

Secretion of TSH to stimulate T3 and T4

Question 35

What do T3 and T4 do after secretion

Answer 35

Bind to plasma proteins and get transported to target cells

Question 36

How does thyroid hormone act if target cells

Answer 36

Increase metabolic activity Number and activity of mitochondria Active transport of ions through membrane channels

Question 37

Pancreatic cells

Answer 37

Alpha- glucagon Beta- insulin Delta- somatostatin

Question 38

Inhibitory hormone of pancreas

Answer 38

Somatostatin

Question 39

Effects of insulin

Answer 39

Uses GLUT transporters for metabolism of carbs(glucose), proteins and fats

Question 40

Function of parathyroid hormone

Answer 40

Increase plasma calcium levels (opposite of calcitonin)

Question 41

Where are parathyroid glands located

Answer 41

Posterioly to thyroid gland

Question 42

Effects of parathyroid hormone

Answer 42

A drop in blood calcium triggers calcium sensing receptors to signal parathyroid glands to secrete PTH

Question 43

What does PTH do after secretion

Answer 43

Acts on kidneys to secrete active form of VITAMIN D Bone mobilize calcium for blood raising calcium levels

Question 44

Function of vitamin D

Answer 44

Increase ABSORPTION of calcium by bone

Question 45

What does PTH do to phosphate levels and calcium levels

Answer 45

Decrease - phosphate Increase- calcium

Question 46

Active form of vitamin D

Answer 46

Acts on intestines to increase calcium and phosphate absorption

Question 47

Amine hormones

Answer 47

T3+T4

Question 48

Peptide hormones

Answer 48

Produced on the anterior lobe of pituitary gland including insulin

Question 49

Steroid hormones

Answer 49

Aldosterone

Question 50

Aldosterone & cortisol

Answer 50

Mineralcorticoid & glucocorticoid