Endocrine System Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is paracrine cellular communication
Hormones released by one cell that stimulate only local cell populations
What is humoral control
Control of hormones by circulation ions or nutrients
What does thyroid hormone (T4) do
Increase metabolic rate in all cells through gene regulation
Thyroid hormone is released by the
Thyroid gland
How would the body respond to low calcium
Increased parathyroid release which increases the breakdown of bone
Which hormones are made in the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone and cortisol
What does aldosterone do
Increases the reuptake of sodium in the kidneyt
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland
Through the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
It is a stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary
Where is the pituitary gland located
The brain
Describe 2 ways a hormone can alter the function of a target cell
1) bind to a receptor on the outside of the cell (G-protein coupled) that implements a sequence of reactions inside the cell that dictates a certain action/function
2)enter the cell and instigate a change in a receptor in the nucleons causing a shift in the proteins being created by the cell
How does the endocrine act
Systematically
How are hormones activated
Humoral control
Response to stress and anxiety
What is beneficial about the distribution of hormones
1 - can travel large distances in a short amount of time
2 - the hormones are potent so only a small amount is needed
Describe how hormones bind on the outside of the cell
Attaches to active site of receptor
Triggers release of G protein
Activates adenlyl cyclise
Adenlyl cyclise converts ATP to cyclic AMP
AMP activate PKA (protein kinase A)
PKA can phosphorylase a protein
Causing a mechanism within the cell the change
Describe how hormones causes a shift in the proteins in the cell (steroid hormones)
Steroid passes into the cytoplasm of the cell
It binds to a receptor
Enters the nucleus of the cell in its activated form
Initiates a change in the transcription of new proteins from the DNA specific hormone response elements
MRNA will exit the nucleus and travel to the ribosome for translation
A new protein will be synthesized that can alter a cell function
Which hormone is lipid soluble
Steroid
What does lipid soluble mean
Can pass into the cytoplasm of the cell
When does the nervous system interplay with the endocrine system
When nervous signals stimulate hormone secretion
What does neuroendocrine mean
Nervous system interplays with the endocrine system
Where does neroendocrine happen
Hypothalamus
What can the pituitary gland stimulate
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)
Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid (HPT)
Hypothalamic pituitary gonodal (HPG)
Hypothalamic pituitry prolactin (HPP)
Which part of the pituitary gland contains its own secretory cells
Anterior
When does the anterior pituitary secrete their own hormones
When the hypothalamus sends hormones through the hypothalamic - hypophyseal portal system
