Endocrine system

Question 1

Endocrine system fxn

Answer 1

Responses usually slower and long-lasting (minutes to days)
Controls long-term processes - growth, metamorphosis, etc

Question 2

Endocrine glands (6)

Answer 2

pituitary
thyroid
adrenal
pancreas
ovary
testicles

Question 3

Two types of glands

Answer 3

exocrine and endocrine glands

Question 4

exocrine glands

Answer 4

Have ducts for discharging onto a free surface - into the GI or somewhere outside the body

Question 5

Endocrine glands

Answer 5

Small, well-vascularized, ductless glands that stay contained within the body

Question 6

alpha cell

Answer 6

makes glucagon

Question 7

beta cell

Answer 7

makes insulin

Question 8

alpha and beta cells are where?

Answer 8

In the pancreas, and specifically in the islet of Langerhans

Question 9

Acinar cell

Answer 9

make the pancreatic juice (enzymes)

Question 10

What are hormones and how do they work?

Answer 10

Chemical messengers
Produced by an endocrine gland -> carried by blood to a target organ -> interact with target organs via receptors on/in the cells of those organs

Question 11

Water-soluble hormones

Answer 11

Act through receptors on the cell membrane (protein hormones, amino acid derivatives)

Question 12

Fat-soluble hormones

Answer 12

Act through nuclear or cytoplasmic receptors
(steroids such as estrogen and testosterone)

Question 13

transmembrane proteins

Answer 13

embedded in the cell membrane ->
act as receptors for various things floating in the blood

Question 14

Action via cell surface receptors
what kind?

Answer 14

Water-soluble hormone
1.) hormone diffuses out of capillary and binds to receptor in the cell membrane
2.) Binding triggers release of a second messenger
3.) second messenger triggers a series of reactions that alter the physiology of the cell

Question 15

Action via cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
what kind?

Answer 15

Fat-soluble hormones
hormone binds to receptor located in nucleus or cytoplasm
Receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and turns on one or more genes
Activated genes direct synthesis of new proteins

Question 16

Hormones of pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Question 17

pituitary gland is also called

Answer 17

master gland - ant pit/post pit

Question 18

post pit

Answer 18

Neurohypophysis - connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum

Question 19

Ant pit

Answer 19

adenohypophysis - connected to hypothalamus via hypophyseal portal system

Question 20

Hypothalamus secretes…

Answer 20

hormones

Question 21

4 tropic hormones

Answer 21

hormones that regulate other endocrine glands
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
follicle stimulating hormone

Question 22

Melanophore stimulating hormone

Answer 22

causes pigment to disperse towards skin and causes the skin to darken
-aids in thermoregulation
-aids in camouflage
-send social signals

Skin lightening is under nervous control, not hormone control

Question 23

prolactin

Answer 23

promotes lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of young mammals

in birds, stimulates parental behavior

in amphibians, it promotes mating behavior

helps regulate timing of metamorphosis in amphibians

Involved in water balance in anadromous fishes

Question 24

Growth hormone

Answer 24

Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration

Fuels childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life

In middle age, the pituitary gland slowly reduces its production of GH

Question 25

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 25

travels to the thyroid gland and stimulates it

Question 26

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 26

Acts on the adrenal cortex
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones (aldosterone and cortisol)

Question 27

Gonadotropin types

Answer 27

Follicle stimulating hormone
-promotes gamete production in males and females
-stimulates estrogen secretion by the ovaries

Luteinizing hormone
-stimulates production of sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone in females; testosterone in males)
-induces ovulation in females