Support, protection, and movement

Question 1

Integument (4)

Answer 1

An outer covering.
Includes:
SKIN
Derivatives: hair, setae, scales, feathers, horns

Question 2

Functions of Integument (9)

Answer 2

Protects against abrasion,
protects against water loss,
barrier against invasion by pathogens,
protects from UV light damage,
thermoregulation,
sensory receptors within,
excretory,
respiratory,
pigmentation,
secretes molecules

Question 3

Two layers of skin

Answer 3

Epidermis/
Dermis

Question 4

What specific type of tissue constitutes the epidermis?

Answer 4

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

The germinal layer is…

Answer 5

A layer of the stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

What’s true about glands with respect to tissue?

Answer 6

They are lined by a simple epithelium

Question 7

Germinal layer

Answer 7

produces other layers by mitosis

Question 8

Cornified layer (2)

Answer 8

Keratinized cells fill with keratin and lose nucleus and organelles.
Layer is resistant to abrasion and water loss

Question 9

Integumentary derivatives arise from epidermis (3)

Answer 9

Hair,
Feathers,
Scales

Question 10

Structure of Dermis (9)

Answer 10

Composed primarily of connective tissue.
Fibroblasts +
collagenous fibers.
Macrophages.
Lymphocytes.
Chromatophores.
Fat cells.
Blood vessels.
Nerves

Question 11

Compact dermis tissue type?

Answer 11

Dense CT

Question 12

Scales can be different. Explain

Answer 12

Some scales are dermal origin.
Some scales are epidermal origin.

Question 13

Integumentary derivatives contain….

Answer 13

combinations of Epidermal and Dermal Components

Question 14

Skeletal Systems do what? (3)

Answer 14

Provide rigidity to body,
provide surfaces for muscle attachment,
provide protection for internal organs

Question 15

Two basic types of skeletal system (2)

Answer 15

Rigid and
Hydrostatic

Question 16

Rigid Skeletons provide…

Answer 16

rigid elements to which muscles can attach

Question 17

Two types of rigid skeletons

Answer 17

endoskeleton and exoskeleton

Question 18

Exoskeleton

Answer 18

Protective outer skeleton that often must be molted to allow growth.
Arthropods

Question 19

Endoskeleton (2)

Answer 19

Found in echinoderms and vertebrates.
Vertebrate endoskeleton is composed of bone and cartilage

Question 20

Rigid skeletons can be composed of what tissue? (think surprising)

Answer 20

Cartilage. They can be Cartilaginous. This is a derived trait since their ancestors had bony skeletons.

Question 21

In bony/terrestrial vertebrates, where do you find cartilage? (4)

Answer 21

Articulating surfaces of bone joints in adults,
Elements of the larynx,
trachea,
and bronchi

Question 22

Bone functions (3)

Answer 22

Protection, support,
reservoir for calcium and phosphorus,
blood cell production

Question 23

Most bone develops from… but also…

Answer 23

Cartilage (this is called endochondral bone) e.g., long bones. …
and embryonic cells (this is called dermal bone. e.g., bones of face, cranium, clavicle - think crocodile scales, turtle shell, fish scales, bony plates of sturgeon

Question 24

Hydrostatic Skeleton Movement

Answer 24

Muscles in the body wall contract against incompressible fluids in the coelom. This causes expansion and lengthening in one direction then deflation and shortening on the polar opposite of the system to produce locomotion.

Question 25

A whole skeletal muscle is considered what?

Answer 25

An organ

Question 26

Average length of skeletal muscle

Answer 26

3 cm but can as long as 30 cm in the sartorius

Question 27

Skeletal muscle hierarchy (4)

Answer 27

organ (of muscular system tissue) --> fasciculus (bundle of skeletal muscle cells called fascicles in connective tissue) --> muscle fiber (aka muscle cell in a nucleated sarcolemma) --> myofibrils in sarcomeres (actin and myosin)

Question 28

How are actin and myosin composed relative to each other?

Answer 28

At the myofibril level, the myosin is composed of two bundles of myosin molecules, oriented so the heads face outward from the center of the actin filament. The thin filaments are composed of a double strand of actin protein, twisted into a helix.

Question 29

How does the muscle contract?

Answer 29

During contraction, myosin heads form molecular cross bridges that act as levers to pull the thick and thin filaments past each other. This causes sarcomeres to shorten. All sarcomeres contract simultaneously, causing the entire muscle fiber to contract.

Question 30

What happens to the A bands and I bands during contraction?

Answer 30

the I bands (the light actin filaments) shorten because the myosin is shortening them inward by pulling them and shortening the muscle.

Question 31

Contraction is a ____ process

Answer 31

Active

Question 32

Relaxation is a ____ process

Answer 32

Passive