Endocrine System Flashcards

(55 cards)

1
Q

exocrine definition

A

releases its secretions onto an epithelial surface through a duct

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2
Q

endocrine definition

A

secretes hormones into blood vessels or surrounding tissue fluid

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3
Q

hormone types

A

amino acid derivatives
steroid
peptide

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4
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

lies in Sella turcica
connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum

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5
Q

other names for anterior and posterior pituitary

A

adeno and neuro hypophysis

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6
Q

what is the pars distalis
cell types

A

part of ant pit
chromophobes and chromophils

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7
Q

subdivisions of chromophils

A

acidophils and basophils

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8
Q

subdivisions of acidophils
subdivisions of basophils

and their secretions

A

acidophils
somatotrophs: GH
Lactotrophs: prolactin

basophils
thyrotropes: TSH
gonadotrophs: LH, FSH
corticotropes: ACTH

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9
Q

what is the pars nervosa
cell types

A

part of the pos pit

mainly glial cells called pituicyte
axons of neurons in the hypothalamus

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10
Q

what are Herring bodies
where are they

A

storage sites of neurosecretory materials
pars nervosa neurons

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11
Q

pars intermedia

A

structure between pars distalis and pars nervosa
consists of mainly colloid filled cysts

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12
Q

where do the cell bodies of neurons whose axons are in the infundibulum originate
what hormones do they create

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

oxytocin and ADH

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13
Q

what hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus

A

thyroid releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

what hormones are secreted from the ant pit and pos pit

A

ant pit:
GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH, LH
PRL

pos pit:
oxytocin
ADH

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15
Q

overproduction and deficiency of growth hormone

A

pituitary gigantism and dwarfism

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16
Q

function of PRL

A

promotes milk secretion

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17
Q

function of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis and release

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18
Q

function of ACTH

A

stimulates the secretion of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex of adrenal gland

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19
Q

roles of FSH and LH

A

FSH promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion/spermatogenesis

LH induces ovulation/androgen secretion

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20
Q

what does the pos pit consist of

A

unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic neurons
pituicytes

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21
Q

deficiency of ADH

A

diabetes insipidus

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22
Q

role of oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of uterine wall during labour
stimulates mammary glands to release milk

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23
Q

histology of thyroid gland

A

many follicles consisting of cuboidal cells containing colloid
parafollicular cells between them

24
Q

role of para follicular cells

A

secrete calcitonin to regulate calcium

25
thyroid hormone role precursor
increase BMR, calorigenic made from follicular cell thyroglobulin
26
thyroxine-binding globulin other important carriers
liver synthesised glycoprotein to carry poorly soluble TH transthyretin albumin
27
role of calcitonin
decrease blood calcium levels bone: inhibits osteoclasts kidneys: inhibit reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus
28
iodine deficiency goitre
caused by diet hinders synthesis of TH - hypothyroidism leads to excess TSH production and thyroid stimulation treated with iodine therapy
29
cretinism
due to congenital hypothyroidism characterised by arrested physical and mental development
30
myxoedema (Gulls disease)
adult hypothyroidism expressionless face, swelling, alopecia, loss of nails and hardening of skin increased amount of protein and mucopolysaccharides - bind and hold water non-pitting oedema around extremities and face thickening of tongue and laryngopharynx mucosa
31
Grave's disease
autoimmune disease leading to hyperthyroidism TSH receptor is stimulated by thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
32
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis negative feedback
TH inhibits TSH release from ant pit also inhibits TRH release from hypothalamus to a lesser extent
33
location of parathyroid glands
embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland separated by fibrous capsule
34
parathyroid gland cells and their roles
chief cells: secrete PTH oxyphil cells: no known function, accumulate after puberty with age, derived from chief cells
35
parathyroid hormone
produced in response to low calcium levels stimulates production of vit D and calcium reabsorption in the kidney activates osteoclasts facilitates calcium absorption from small intestine
36
parathyroid gland histology
darker and denser than thyroid chief cells are mostly nucleus and more purple oxyphil cells have larger cytoplasm and are more pink
37
parathyroid disorders
hyperparathyroidism: serum calcium levels are increased, produces deposits in kidneys and arteries hypoparathyroidism: serum calcium levels are decreased, causes spastic contractions of skeletal muscles, tetany
38
location of adrenal gland
superior poles of each kidney
39
histology of the adrenal gland
surrounded by capsule medulla is darker and more purple than cortex
40
layers of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
41
role of the zona glomerulosa
secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) maintains electrolyte and water balance
42
role of zona fasciculata
secretes glucocorticoids accelerates glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
43
role of zona reticularis
secretes androgens
44
cortisol
(hydrocortisone) widely used in ointments to treat inflammatory conditions of the skin excessive and long term use can supress immune system
45
adrenal cortex disorders
Conn syndrome Cushing syndrome Addison disease
46
Conn syndrome
caused by excessive production of aldosterone due to hyperplasia or tumours results in low renin levels poor vision, headaches, muscular weakness and spasms, fatigue, potassium deficiency, high BP and excessive urination greater activity in DCT of Na/K ATPase
47
Cushing syndrome
caused by excessive production of glucocorticoids can be caused by aldosterone characterised by red moon face, truncal obesity, purple striae, and diabetes mellitus
48
Addison disease
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex abdominal pain, weakness, weight loss, darkening of skin
49
adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells: modified sympathetic post ganglion cells, lack dendrites and axons secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline derived from tyrosine central vein, abundance of arranged smooth muscle
50
pheochromocytoma
rare tumour of adrenal medulla composed of chromaffin cells referred to as paraganglioma when these cells develop a tumour outside the adrenal gland
51
pancreas location
lies between the duodenum, spleen and stomach
52
pancreas histology
pale areas are islets of endocrine cells
53
secretions of pancreatic islet cells alpha cells beta cells delta cells F cells
alpha cells: glucagon beta cells: insulin delta cells: somatostatin F cells: pancreatic polypeptide
54
endocrine disorders
excess GH: gigantism insufficient GH: dwarfism excess TH: Grave's disease insufficient TH: Goiter, myxoedema, cretinism excess mineralocorticoids: Conn syndrome excess glucocorticoids: Cushing syndrome insufficient mineralocorticoids: Addison's disease insufficient glucocorticoids: Addison's disease insufficient insulin: T1D insufficient ADH: diabetes insipidus
55
glucocorticoids
cortisol (weakest but longest half life) dexamethasone prednisone betamethasone