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Physiology 1020 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol

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2
Q

examples of peptide hormones

A

insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone

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3
Q

example of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amine hormone

A

pho-thyroxine
phi-epinephrine

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4
Q

steroid hormone precursor, solubility, transportation through blood, location of receptor, action time

A

-cholesterol
-hydrophobic
-carrier protein
-inside cell
-slow action

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5
Q

peptide hormone precursor, solubility, transportation through blood, location of receptor, action time

A

amino acid
-hydrophilic
-dissolves in blood
-on cell membrane
-fast action

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6
Q

hydrophobic amine hormone precursor, transportation through blood, location of receptor, action time

A

-amino acid > tyrosine
-hydrophobic
-carrier protein
-inside cell
-slow action

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7
Q

hydrophilic amine hormone precursor, transportation through blood, location of receptor, action time

A

amino acid > tyrosine
-hydrophilic
-dissolves in blood
-on cell membrane
-fast action

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8
Q

steroid hormone response

A

-hormone goes through cell membrane and binds to receptor
-then receptor and hormone go to nucleus, works with DNA, transcription to make mRNA
(for inhibitory, stops transcription)
-slow

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9
Q

Protein hormone response

A

bind to receptor on cell membrane to trigger signaling events
-molecules in cell are already made, signal sends them out
-quick

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10
Q

PRH

A

prolactin releasing hormone
-released after birth from anterior pituitary to stimulate breast tissue to make milk
-released by hypothalamus

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11
Q

prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH

A

-inhibits the release of prolactin from anterior pituitary to stop making milk
-released by hypothalamus

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12
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone
causes the release of thyrotropin stimulating hormone at anterior pituitary
-released by hypothalamus

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13
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone CRH
stimulates anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and then release cortisol
-released by hypothalamus

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14
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormones
-stimulate anterior pituitary to release growth hormone
-released by hypothalamus

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15
Q

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

A

-slight inhibiting effect on growth hormone
-released by hypothalamus

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16
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

stimulate anterior pituitary to release hormones that affect gonads
-released by hypothalamus

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17
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

communicates with anterior pituitary and hypothalamus using hormones
-small blood vessels directly connect them together

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18
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

A

communicate with posterior pituitary
axons from cell bodies in hypothalamus
-these neurons produce neurohormone and then travels to posterior pituitary

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

controls bodily functions by releasing GH, TSH, ACTH, LH and FSH

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20
Q

posterior pituitary

A

-release oxytocin and ADH (neurohormones)
-doesn’t produce its own hormones but is hypothalamus

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21
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions and promotes milk release during breast feeding
-released when hugging

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22
Q

adrenal gland

A

on top of each kidney
-receives blood from superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries
-produce cortisol, aldosterone, (no)epinephrine

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23
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

outermost layer of adrenal cortex
-produces aldosterone
-crucial for electrolyte and h2o balance

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24
Q

aldosterone

Study These Flashcards
A

regulates mineral balance by increase Na reabsorbed and K excretion
-maintains BP and fluid balance

25
zona fasciculata
-thickest layer of cortex -between zona glomerulosa and reticularis produces glucocorticoids like cortisol -responses to ACTH
26
zona reticularis
innermost layer of adrenal cortex -produces androgens (DHEA) -produces less androgens compared to gonads
27
androgens
-develops secondary sexual characteristics during puberty -in females, can be converted to estrogen
28
adrenal medulla
-center of adrenal gland produces catecholamines ((nor)epinephrine) -part of SNS -activated by physical activity or stress
29
cortisol
-release energy stores during periods of stress produced by zona fasciculata -effects metabolism and immune system -stress response -controlled by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
30
cortisol glucose metabolism
increase blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis (NRG from non carbs)
31
cortisol fat metabolism
promotes lipolysis (breaks down fat) releasing glycerol and fatty acids for NRG production
32
cortisol protein catabolism
breaks down proteins in muscle to provide amino acids for gluconeogenesis
33
Steps in the HPA axis
1) stress activation hypothalamus to release CRH 2) CRH travels to anterior pituitary and anterior pit. release ACTH 3) ATCH stimulates and binds to adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol 4) cortisol increase blood glucose, suppresses immune response, affects mood, mobilizes NRG 5) too much cortisol inhibits secretion of CRH and ACTH
34
Cushing's disease
-high levels of cortisol -common cause is a tumor in pituitary
35
epinephrine
-adrenaline -produced by adrenal medulla -fight or flight increase glucagon, decrease insulin -not negative feedback by stimulated by SNS
36
pancreas
-produce and secrete hormones to regulate blood glucose -release digestive enzymes and substance into digestive tract -has endocrine and exocrine tissues
37
endocrine tissue in pancreas
has 2 million pancreatic islets which each contacts 3 principal cells' alpha cells (secrete glucagon) beta (secrete insulin and amylin) delta (secrete somatostatin)
38
glucagon
-responses to low blood glucose increase blood glucose by signaling liver to release store glucose into blood stream -secrete by alpha cells
39
insulin
-responses to high blood glucose -decreases blood glucose by uptake of glucose into cells so it can be used for energy (cellular resp.) or stored as glycogen -released by beta cells
40
type I diabetes mellitus
damage to beta cells -pancreas can't produce insulin
41
type II diabetes mellitus
-caused by diet, lifestyle, genetics -target cells don't respond to insulin
42
polyuria
high frequency in urination -not all glucose is reabsorbed which causes less h2o to be reabsorbed
43
diabetic ketoacidosis
metabolic acidosis -since body can't use glucose properly, it uses fat >losses weight -breaks down fat leads to ketones in blood, more acidic
44
thyroid
in neck -has 4 small glands called parathyroid
45
thyroid hormone production and regulation
-regulated by hypothalamic -pituitary- thyroid (HPT) axis -metabolism, growth and energy balance -2 hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine
46
thyroxine
t4 inactive form -converts into triiodothyronine when needed
47
triiodothyronine
T3 active form that regulates metabolism
48
steps of HPT axis
1) hypothalamus detect low thyroid hormone and releases TRH 2)TRH goes to anterior pituitary, and stimulates the release of TSH 3) TSH goes to thyroid and thyroid absorbs iodine and combines it with tyrosine > T4 and a bit of T3 4)T4 and T3 regulates metabolism by T3 binding to receptors to increase o2 use and energy production, increase Cardiac output, generates heat 5) high t3 and t4, reduces TRH and TSH
49
thyroid hormone function
*increase breakdown and release of energy stores BMR: increase metabolism by affecting mitochondria -increase cardiac output and HR -dilates vasculature in skin to muscles -stimulates o2 delivery by making more hemoglobin
50
colloid in thyroid
site where T3 and T4 is stored
51
epithelial cells in thyroid
site of T3 and T4 synthesis
52
parafollicular cell/ C cell
-in thyroid gland, outside thyroid follicles -produces and release calcitonin to regulate Ca -trigger is high Ca
53
primary effects of hypothyroidism
(low t3 and t4) - low BMR -sensitive to cold -increase fat storage -low BP -slow reflexes -depressions ex. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
54
primary effects of hyperthyroidism
-high BMR -sensitive to warm -decrease fat storage -rapid HR -hyperactive ex. Graves' disease
55
calcitonin
hormone to decrease Ca
56
steps to regulate Ca
1) parafollicular cells detect increase levels of Ca and secrete calcitonin 2) calcitonin lowers blood Ca by acting on 3 target cells (bone-inhibits osteoclast/ prevent breakdown, kidney- increase excretion intestine-lowers absorption from food) 3)back to normal/ - feed back
57
parathyroid hormone
-increases Ca target cells bones: stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone Kidneys: reduces Ca excretion and increase calcitriol production intestine: enhances Ca absorption from food via calcitriol
58
somatostatin effects
inhibitory effect on insulin
59
precursors to thyroid
thyroglobulin

Physiology 1020 (9 decks)

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