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human biology 3&4 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

system+glands involved (54 cards)

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1
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete substances into a duct, which is then carried out of the surface to body or body cavity

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2
Q

ex. exocrine glands

A

(sweat) sweat glands, (saliva) salivary glands, (mucous) mucous glands, (ovum) ovaries, (sperm) testes, (digestive enzymes) pancreas

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into the tissue fluid that surrounds the cells of the gland
the secretion is passed into the capillaries and transported by the blood (circulation system)

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4
Q

ex. endocrine glands

A

pancreas, ovaries, testes; adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands

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5
Q

hromones

A

-secreted by endocrine glands
-consists of proteins or steriods
The circulatory system transports hormones around the body

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6
Q

Hormones can affect all cells.

A

or a particular group of cells (target cells)
or particular organ (target organ)

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7
Q

Hormones are receptor-specific

A

hormones are only able to influence cells that have the correct receptor (on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm / nucleus)
-produces a response when
the hormone is present

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8
Q

Hormones influence target cells by 2 different methods:

A
  • protein (amine) → water-soluble hormones - unable to diffuse across the lipid bilayer of cell membrane
    Steroids→ lipid-soluble—able to diffuse across the lipid bilayer
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9
Q

Topic: mode of action (cQs)

A

(mcQs): Steroid hormones are not water-soluble and therefore travel in the blood (full of water) attached to protein carriers.
- once they reach their target cell, they dissociate from the protein carrier and diffuse thru the lipid membrane of the cell

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10
Q

protein (amine)

A
  • water solubale hromone (cant diffuse accross membrane)
    ex. adrenaline, ocytocin, growth hormone
  • attach themselves to a specific receptor molecule (made of protein) on the membrane of target cell
  • activates secondary messenger → diffuses thru cytoplasm of cell + activates various enzymes ⇒ triggers cascade of reactions (intracellular signalling cascade)

e.g. activation / deactivation of certain proteins, changes in membrane permeability

fast-acting hormones with a cellular response in sec/min

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11
Q

steriods

A

-lipid soluable hormone (dont dissolve in water)
- ex. cortisol, thyroxine, porgestrone

enter target cells + combine with a specific receptor protein inside the cytoplasm of the cell

the receptor may be on the mitochondria, on other organelles (or in the nucleus)

hormone - receptor complex then diffuses into cytoplasm and activates specific genes of the DNA

affects protein synthesis—controlling the production of particular proteins (changes gene expression)

Slow-acting hormones with a cellular response in hours/days

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12
Q

protein hormones

A
  • change the shape / structure of an enzyme / protein so that it is activated or deactivated (turned on / off)
  • affecting the chemical activity of the cell by either ↑ / ↓ speed of reaction
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13
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • activate certain genes so that a particular enzyme / structural protein is produced
  • change the rate of production of enzymes or structural proteins by changing rate of transcription / translation (p/product.)
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14
Q

enzyme amplification

A
  • 1 hormone molecule can activate thousands / billions of enzyme molecules

hormones trigger an exponential effect
- in which a no. of reacting molecules involved is increased hundreds or thousands of times for each step along the metabolic pathway

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15
Q

hormone clearance

A
  • once a hormone has produced the required effect, it must be turned off
  • hormone molecules are broken down either in the cells or the liver and kidney

Degraded hormones are excreted in the bile or the urine

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16
Q

Why must it be removed?

A

When the hormone binds to its receptors, it causes a biological response in the cell. The cell does not require constant stimulation from the hormone

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17
Q

control of hormone secretions

A

to maintain homeostasis, the amount of hormone must be regulated

over/under secretions will cause abonormality

hormone secretions generalaly regulated by negatuve feedback systems

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18
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • connected with each other by a stalk of tissue’ called ‘infundibulum.’
  • infundibulum contains neurons surrounded by a portal system of blood vessels
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19
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • anterior + posterior lobes of pituitary gland function separately
  • hypothalamus controls the output of hormones from both lobes
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20
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • located in the base of the brain , below thalamus and above pituitary gland
  • size= almond
  • hypothalamus secretes releasing factors/inhibiting factors (simulate/slow down secretion of hormones).
    passed thru blood vessels→ anterior lobe
    Others nerve fibers→ posterior lobe
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21
Q

pitutiary gland

A

hypophysis
- under hypothalamus joined by infundibulum
- size= pea (13mm)
- 2 parts→ anterior n posterior lobe

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22
Q

anterior lobe

Study These Flashcards
A
  • front lobe
  • no nerves connecting only blood vessels
  • hormones that are made and secreted by this lobe are controlled by the hypothalamus

secretes gonadtropins, FSH, LH, GH, TSH,ACTH,PRL

23
Q

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

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A
  • stimulates development of ovarian follicles in ovary
    -production of oestrogen -follicle cells
    -stimulated production of sperm in testes
24
Q

LH

luteinising hormone

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A
  • triggers ovulation + formation of the corpus luteum (F)
  • stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone (M)
25
growth hormone somatotropin tumours on AP/g
- stimulates body growth (bone, cartilage, muscle, liver) by ↑ the rate at which amino acids are taken up by the cells + built into proteins (protein synthesis) - maintains the size of organs once maturity is reached gigantism, dwarifsm
26
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
- stimulates production + release of hormones from thyroid gland - e.g. thyrotropin
27
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone
- controls production + release of some of the hormone from the adrenal cortex e.g. cortisol
28
prolactin lactogenic hormone stops ovulation cycle
- stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth - maintains secretion of oestrogen + progesterone by the ovary
29
MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone
↑ skin pigmentation by stimulating the production of melanin in melanocytes
30
posterior lobe
- rear lobe - joined by nerve fibres - stores two hormones wh/ are produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus - release of hormone are triggered by the nerve impulses imitated by the hypothalamus + conducted along the axons to the parietals oxytocin, ADH
31
oxytocin
- stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles (esp. during labour) + contraction of mam. gland cells for release of milk during suckling
32
ADH Antidiuretic hormone Vasopressin
- causes the reabsorption of H2O from kidney tubule (nephron) to help retain fluid in the body + urine production ↓ - raises blood pressure by constricting the arterioles (minor /Dn)
33
pineal gland
after the age of 7 it begins to shrink + by adulthood it is a tiny lump of fibrous tissue
34
melatonin
- affects the regulation of sleep patterns - promotes sleepiness - inhibited by sunlight / produced during darkness
35
thyroid gland
consists of two lobes, joined by a narrow piece of tissue that lies across the front of the trachea thyroxine , calcitonin
36
thyroxine
maintains body temp - controls metabolic rate (O consumption + heat production) by stimulating carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism by promoting breakdown of protein , fat (glycerol) and lactic acid to glucose (liver). - regulates anabolic reactions + catabolic reactions
37
calcitonin
decrease Ca n P , ihhibiting bone breakdown, stimulating osteoporosis
38
PTH parthroid hormone
increase Ca n P
39
thymus
largest in size in infants and children but begins to decline after puberty
40
thymosin
- stimulates the development + maturation of T lymphocytes development of the immune system - may retard the aging process (make more ⇒ look younger)
41
adrenal cortex ( adrenal above kidney)
hormones produced by cortex are collectively called corticosteroids (steroids, slow-acting)
42
aldosterone mineralocorticoids
- acts on the kidney to ↓amount of Na+ & ↑ amount of K+ in urine - as Na+ is reabsorbed into blood, water is also reabsorbed wh/ ↑ blood volume, pressure
43
cortisol glucocorticoids
- promotes the body’s resistance to stress + helps with the repair of damaged tissue (long periods of stress) - promotes breakdown of protein, fat (glycerol) + lactic acid to glucose in the liver; - regulate metabolism
44
adrenal medulla
produces protein hormones (fast acting)
45
adrenaline epinephrine
- reinforces the action of the SNS during fight / flight responses ↑ heart rate, ↓ rate of digestion, stimulates conversion of glycogen, protein, fat (glycerol) and lactic acid to glucose in the liver, etc.
46
noradrenaline
increases rate and force of heartbeat, similar to adrenaline
47
pancreas
- exocrine: secretes digestive enzymes thru the pancreatic duct - endocrine : clusters of cells called Islets of Langerhans (alpha and beta cells) produce protein hormones - fast acting
48
insulin
antagonist to glucgaon Released if concentration of glucose is high - reduces the amount of glucose in the blood (↓ blood glucose level) - promotes uptake of glucose by the cells in the body that require energy immediately - conversion of glucose to glycogen (liver / skeletal muscles) - conversion of glucose to fat (liver / adipose tissue)
49
glucagon
antagonist to insulin - ↑ the amount of glucose in the blood (↑ blood glucose level) - promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose (liver / skeletal muscle) - promotes breakdown of protein, fat (glycerol) and lactic acid to glucose (in the liver)
50
gonads- sex glands
- produces steroid hormones, sperm (testes) and ova (ovaries) - exocrine gland as well: - ovum released into oviduct - sperm released into sperm duct
51
androgens /testosterone
- controls the development and maintenance of male sex organs and secondary characteristic - e.g. deepening of the voice, muscles, hair follicles
52
oestrogen (cell lining the ovary)
- controls the development and maintenance of female sex organs and secondary characteristics - e.g. development of breasts, uterus, hair follicles - stimulates the growth of the endometrial lining (uterus)
53
progesterone (corpus luteum)
- causes endometrial lining to become more vascular and glandular for implantation of a fertilised egg - acts w/ oestrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle - prepares mammary glands for milk secretion - breasts for lactation
54
placenta
- secretes HCG, oestrogen and progesterone, which helps maintain the pregnancy growth and enrichment of the endometrial lining

human biology 3&4 (4 decks)

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