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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the parathyroid located?

A

Embedded in the thyroid

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2
Q

Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Both

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3
Q

Is the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system located in the anterior or the posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What is the posterior pituitary controlled by?

A

Nerve tracks

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5
Q

What are three disorders of the anterior pituitary?

A

Acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism

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6
Q

What are two disorders of the posterior pituitary?

A

Diabetes insipidus and SIADH

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7
Q

What does SIADH stand for?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone

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8
Q

What is acromegaly caused by?

A

The hypersecretion of growth hormone AFTER the epiphyses of the long bones have closed

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9
Q

Does acromegaly cause the bones to widen or lengthen?

A

Widen

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10
Q

What is acromegaly usually due to?

A

A benign tumor on the pituitary gland

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11
Q

What is gigantism caused by?

A

The secretion of too much growth hormone BEFORE the epiphyses of the long bones have closed

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12
Q

Does gigantism cause the bones to grow longer or wider?

A

Longer

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13
Q

Which disorder of too much GH causes mental problems?

A

Gigantism

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14
Q

What can be used to treat acromegaly and gigantism?

A

Hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland)

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15
Q

What are four complications of hypophysectomy?

A

Pressure, bleeding, meningitis, and rhinorrhea

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16
Q

What is rhinorrhea?

A

When the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucous

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17
Q

How can you differentiate between CSF and nasal fluid?

A

CSF contains glucose

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18
Q

What is dwarfism caused by?

A

The hyposecretion of GH

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19
Q

At what age does dwarfism occur?

A

Childhood

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20
Q

How is dwarfism treated?

A

By the administration of GH

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21
Q

Name three symptoms of dwarfism.

A

Dry skin, low intellectual development, premature aging

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22
Q

What is diabetes insipidus caused by?

A

The hyposecretion of ADH

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23
Q

What happens to urine output in diabetes insipidus?

A

It increases dramatically

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24
Q

Why is tachycardia evident in diabetes insipidus?

A

Because the body is trying to circulate the little blood volume that it has

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25
What are three symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and inability to concentrate urine
26
What is the best way to monitor a pt's fluid intake?
By taking daily weights
27
What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?
Administer vassopressin
28
What is SIADH caused by?
The hypersecretion of ADH
29
What occurs in SIADH?
Water intoxication
30
Why does anorexia occur in SIADH?
Because the digestive structures are swollen and produce a feeling of satiety
31
What is hyponatremia?
Low sodium
32
Name three symptoms of SIADH.
Weight gain, hypertension, hyponatremia
33
What happens to the specific gravity of urine in SIADH?
It increases.
34
What is the treatment for SIADH?
Administer diuretics
35
What does the kidney release that regulates sodium?
Aldosterone
36
What does cortisol do to glucose levels?
Raise them
37
What are two side effects of high cortisol?
Immune system suppression and hyperlipidemia
38
Which part of the adrenal gland releases glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?
The adrenal cortex
39
Is aldosterone a glucocorticoid or a mineralocorticoid?
A mineralocorticoid
40
What is Addison's disease?
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
41
Addison's disease is a disorder of what?
The adrenal gland
42
Why is hypoglycemia a symptom of Addison's disease?
Because there is not enough cortisol being released to keep glucose levels up
43
What are three symptoms of Addison's disease?
Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and hypoglycemia
44
What problem can hyperkalemia cause in the heart?
Cardiac arrythmias
45
What does the ACTH test measure?
How well your adrenal glands respond to ACTH, which is a hormone that stimulates cortisol release
46
What is affected in primary adrenal insufficiency?
The adrenal gland
47
What if affected in secondary adrenal insufficiency?
The pituitary gland
48
What are three symptoms of an Addisonian crisis?
Severe headache, severe abdominal pain, shock
49
What is Cushing's syndrome caused by?
Hypersecretion of glucorticoids from the adrenal gland
50
Besides an inherent problem, what else can Cushing's result from?
Long term administration of corticosteroids
51
What does "iatrogenic" mean?
"We did it to them"
52
What happens to potassium when abnormally high levels of aldosterone are secreted?
It goes down (hypokalemia)
53
What are three symptoms of Cushing's?
Hypertension, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia
54
What is a possible treatment for Cushing's?
Adrenalectomy
55
What is Conn's syndrome (aldosteronism)?
The secretion of too much aldosterone
56
What is Conn's syndrome usually due to?
A benign adrenal tumor
57
What are two symptoms of Conn's syndrome?
Hypokalemia and hypernatremia
58
Why is less renin released in Conn's syndrome?
Because there is a high blood volume, so kidneys are adequately perfused -- and they do not feel the need to raise BP
59
What are three symptoms of Conn's syndrome?
Increased thirst, hypertension, hypokalemia
60
What supplements should be given in Conn's syndrome?
Potassium supplements
61
What are three symptoms of pheochromocytoma?
Hypertension, diaphoresis, apprehension
62
What should be done for patients with pheochromocytoma?
Keep them in a calm environment and avoid caffeine
63
How long does steroid supplementation need to be continued for a bilateral and a unilateral adrenalectomy?
Bilateral=lifelong. Unilateral=up to 2 years.
64
What can insufficient urinary output indicate after an adrenalectomy?
Impending shock
65
What three hormones does the thyroid produce?
T3, T4 and thyrocalcitonin
66
What do parafollicular cells in the thyroid release?
Calcitonin
67
What does calcitonin do?
Helps regulate calcium homeostasis (brings calcium levels down)
68
What does primary hypothyroidism affect?
The thyroid gland
69
What does secondary hypothyroidism affect?
Pituitary
70
What does tertiary hypothyroidism affect?
Hypothalamus
71
Low levels of T3 and T4 stimulate the hypothalamus to release what?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
72
Does goiter occur at a later stage in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism
73
What happens to T3 and T4 levels in hypothyroidism?
They decrease
74
What happens to T3 and T4 levels in hyperthyroidism?
They increase
75
What is the normal value for TSH?
0 to 6
76
What are the two disorders of hypothyroidism?
Cretinism and myxedema
77
What are the two disorders of hyperthyroidism?
Graves' disease and thyrotoxicosis
78
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto's (an autoimmune disease)
79
Deficiency of what mineral causes hypothyroidism?
Iodine
80
What occurs in primary hypothyroidism?
The thyroid can't produce the amount of hormones that the pituitary calls for
81
What occurs in secondary hypothyroidism?
The thyroid isn't being stimulated by the pituitary to produce enough hormones
82
What is cretinism?
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in the fetus
83
What are three symptoms of cretinism?
Pot belly with hernia, cold sensitivity, dry skin
84
When does myxedema occur?
In adulthood
85
What are three symptoms of myxedema?
Intolerance to cold, bradycardia, and menstrual disturbances
86
What are three symptoms of myxedema coma?
Bradycardia, mood swings and coma
87
What is another name for Graves' disease?
Thyrotoxicosis
88
What is a thyroid storm?
An acute thyroid disorder that results from manipulation of the thyroid gland during surgery and subsequent release of thyroid hormone
89
What is a thyroidectomy done for?
Persistent hyperthyroidism
90
What is a positive Chvostek's sign?
When you tap the cheek, twitching occurs
91
What is a positive Chvostek's sign an indication of?
Low calcium levels
92
What is hypoparathyroidism?
Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone
93
When does hypoparathyroidism occur?
Following removal of the thyroid (which also removes the parathyroid)
94
What happens to calcium levels in hypoparathyroidism?
They drop
95
What happens to calcium levels in hyperparathyroidism?
They increase

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