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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine glands (5)

A 
Pineal
Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
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2
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (nervous system)

A

Nervous

–Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (digestive system)

A

Digestive

  • -Stomach
  • -Pancreas
  • -Small intestine
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3
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (circulatory)

A

Circulatory

–Heart

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4
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (renal system)

A

Renal/urinary

–Kidneys

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5
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (reproductive)

A

Reproductive

  • -Ovaries
  • -Testes
  • -Placenta
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6
Q

Neurotransmitters vs hormones

A 
Neurotransmitters
--nervous system
--act locally (released into synaptic cleft to act on receptors of target cell)
--quicker response time
Hormones
--endocrine system
--act remotely (released into bloodstream, encountering all cells but only acting on receptor cells)
--slower response time
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7
Q

Types of hormones (2)

A

Lipid-soluble (e.g. Steroids)

Water-soluble (e.g. Epinephrine)

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8
Q

Lipid-soluble steroids bind

  • to receptors in cell
  • to receptors on cell membrane
A

To receptors in cell

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9
Q

Water-soluble steroids bind

  • to receptors in cell
  • to receptors on cell membrane
A

To receptors on cell membrane

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10
Q

Action of lipid-soluble hormones

A

Synthesis of specific proteins

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11
Q

Action of water-soluble hormones

A

Activates molecule inside cell (second messenger) which influences enzyme activity within cell

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12
Q

Stimuli for endocrine response (4)

A

Other hormones
Nervous system signaling
Changes in certain ions (Ca2+)
Changes in nutrients in the blood (glucose)

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13
Q

Types of interactions between hormones (3)

A

Antagonistic
Synergistic
Permissive

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14
Q

Antagonistic hormone interactions

Definition and example

A

Effect of one hormone opposes effect of another

Ex. Glucagon increases glucose level, insulin decreases glucose level

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15
Q

Synergistic hormone interactions

Definition and example

A

Response of tissue to both hormones is greater than individual hormones

Ex. Epinephrine and glucagon both stimulate glucose release, more glucose is released when both hormones act

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16
Q

Permissive hormone interactions

Definition and example

A

One hormone must be present for another to exert its effect

Ex. Thyroid hormone must be present for aldosterone to stimulate reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules

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17
Q

When the effect of one hormone opposes the effect of another

A

Antagonistic hormone interaction

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18
Q

When the response of a tissue is greater to two hormones than it is to each hormone individually

A

Synergistic hormone interaction

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19
Q

When one hormone must be present for another hormone to exert its effect on tissue

A

Permissive hormone interaction

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20
Q

Hypothalamus-pituitary axis

A

Governs growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction

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21
Q

Governs growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary axis

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22
Q

Hormones of posterior pituitary (2)

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
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23
Q

Hormones of anterior pituitary (6)

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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24
Hormones of the parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
25
Hormones of the pineal gland
Melatonin
26
Hormones of the thymus gland
Thymopoietin | Thymosin
27
Hormones of the adrenal cortex
``` Glucocorticoids --cortisol --corticosterone --cortisone Mineralocorticoids --aldosterone Gonadocorticoids --androgens --estrogens ```
28
Hormones of the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine | Norepinephrine
29
Hormones of the thyroid gland
``` Thyroid hormone (TH) Calcitonin (CT) ```
30
Hormones of the pancreas
Glucagon
31
Hormones of the testes
Androgens | --testosterone
32
Hormones of the ovaries
Estrogens | Progesterone
33
``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Location/Function ```
Posterior pituitary Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
34
Oxytocin (OT) | Location/Function
Posterior pituitary Stimulates milk ejection from breasts Stimulates uterine contractions during birth
35
Melatonin | Location/Function
Pineal Promotes sleep
36
``` Growth hormone (GH) Location/Function ```
Anterior pituitary Stimulates growth and breakdown of fat
37
Prolactin (PRL) | Location/Function
Anterior pituitary Stimulates production of breast milk
38
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Location/Function
Anterior pituitary Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones
39
``` Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Location/Function ```
Anterior pituitary Stimulates synthesis and release of adrenal hormones
40
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Location/Function
Anterior pituitary Stimulates egg/sperm maturation Stimulates secretion of estrogen from ovaries
41
``` Luteinizing hormone (LH) Location/Function ```
Anterior pituitary Stimulates ovulation Stimulates secretion of estrogen/progesterone by ovaries Stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes
42
``` Thyroid hormone (TH) Location/Function ```
Thyroid Regulates metabolism and heat production Promotes development/function of nervous, muscular, skeletal, reproductive systems.
43
Calcitonin (CT) | Location/Function
Thyroid Regulates concentration of Ca+ in blood to promote healthy muscle function.
44
Glucagon | Location/Function
Pancreas Increases blood glucose level
45
Insulin | Location/Function
Pancreas Decreases blood glucose level
46
Testosterone (androgen) | Location/Function
Testes Develops male secondary sex characteristics
47
Estrogen | Location/Function
Ovaries Develops female secondary sex characteristics
48
Progesterone | Location/Function
Ovaries Develops female secondary sex characteristics
49
``` Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Location/Function ```
Parathyroid Increases blood levels of calcium
50
Thymopoietin, thymosin | Location/Function
Thymus Promote maturation of white blood cells
51
Organs with endocrine tissue (immune system)
Immune | --Thymus
52
Gonadocorticoids | Location/Function/Examples
Adrenal cortex Male/female sex hormones Androgens, estrogens
53
Mineralocorticoids | Location/Function/Examples
Adrenal cortex Mineral homeostasis and water balance Aldosterone
54
Alderosterone | Location/Function
Adrenal cortex Increases reabsorption of Na+ into blood (water retention) Promotes excretion of K+ into urine
55
Glucocorticoids | Location/Function/Examples
Adrenal cortex Affect glucose levels --act on liver to promote conversion of fat/protein into glucose --act on adipose tissue to promote breakdown of fat into fatty acids --conserve glucose by inhibiting uptake by muscle/fat Inhibit inflammatory response --slow movement of white blood cells --inhibit release of inflammatory chemicals cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
56
Epinephrine | Location/Function
Adrenal medulla Fight-or-flight stress response
57
Norephinephrine | Location/Function
Adrenal medulla Fight-or-flight stress response
58
Local signalling molecules | Definition/examples
chemicals which act on adjacent target cells (fast response) prostaglandins, growth factors, nitric oxide (NO)
59
Prostaglandins
A local signaling molecule Lipid molecules continuously released by membranes of most cells Diverse actions (blood clotting, temperature regulation, inflammatory response)
60
Anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit production of ______.
Prostaglandins
61
Lipid molecules continuously released by membranes of most cells which have a diverse range of actions
Prostaglandins
62
Growth factors
A local signaling molecule Peptides or proteins that stimulate cell growth/development/multiplication when present in ECF surrounding cell Ex. stimulation of bone marrow cells to produce white blood cells; stimulation of endothelial cells to organize into blood vessels
63
Peptides or proteins that stimulate cell growth/development/multiplication when present in ECF surrounding cell
Growth factors
64
Nitric ocide (NO)
A local signaling molecule Assists in dilation of blood vessels. Assists in peristalsis (rhythmic smooth muscle movement in intestines) Functions as neurotransmitter
65
Hormone | Definition
Chemical messenger of the endocrine system
66
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of growth hormone (GH)
67
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) AKA Somatotrophin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF) AKA somatostatin
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit release of growth hormone (GH)
68
Chemical messenger of the endocrine system
Hormone
69
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of growth hormone (GH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
70
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit release of growth hormone (GH)
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) AKA Somatotrophin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF) AKA somatostatin
71
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PrlRH)
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of prolactin (PRL)
72
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PrlRH)
73
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit release of prolactin (PRL)
Dopamine
74
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
75
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
76
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
77
Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
78
Gigantism
Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in childhood. Results in rapid growth, height up to 8-9 feet. Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.
79
Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in childhood. Results in rapid growth, height up to 8-9 feet. Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.
Gigantism
80
Acromegaly
Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in adulthood. Results in enlargement of cartilage/tongue, thickening of bones. Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.
81
Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in adulthood. Results in enlargement of cartilage/tongue, thickening of bones. Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.
Acromegaly
82
Dwarfism
Pathology caused by abnormally low levels of GH in childhood. Results in sterility and avg height under 4 feet.
83
Pathology caused by abnormally low levels of GH in childhood. Results in sterility and avg height under 4 feet.
Dwarfism
84
Cretinism
Pathology caused by under-secretion of TH during fetal development or infancy. Results in dwarfism and delayed mental/sexual development.
85
Pathology caused by under-secretion of TH during fetal development or infancy. Results in dwarfism and delayed mental/sexual development.
Cretinism
86
Myxedema
Pathology caused by undersecretion of TH during adulthood. Results in accumulation of fluid in the facial tissue.
87
Pathology caused by undersecretion of TH during adulthood. Results in accumulation of fluid in the facial tissue.
Myxedema
88
Graves' disease
Pathology caused by production of antibodies which mimic action of TSH, stimulating thyroid gland. Results in enlarged thyroid , increased metabolic rate, increased heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss.
89
Pathology caused by production of antibodies which mimic action of TSH, stimulating thyroid gland. Results in enlarged thyroid , increased metabolic rate, increased heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss.
Graves' disease

The Human Body (14 decks)

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