Endocrine System

Question 1

ductLESS and secrete directly into the blood

Answer 1

endocrine glands

Question 2

CONTAIN DUCTS and carry substances directly to a specific target

Answer 2

exocrine glands

Question 3

major endocrine organs

Answer 3

thyroid organs
adipose tissues
hypothalamus

Question 4

two categories of hormones

Answer 4

steroid derived hormones

amine and polypeptide hormones

Question 5

what are amine and polypeptide hormones synthesized from?

Answer 5

amino acids

Question 6

Hormones alter cellular rxns by altering plasma membrane transport via what?

Answer 6

second messenger system

Question 7

Hormones alter cellular reactions of specific target cells by what 4 things:

Answer 7

1] MODIFYING rate of intracellular protein synthesis
2] CHANGING rate of enzyme activity
3] ALTERING plasma membrane transport
4] INDUCING secretory activity

Question 8

Hormones increase enzyme activity by:

Answer 8

stimulating production and combining with the enzyme to change its shape and action

Question 9

Over the course of exercise, some enzymes increase in #, causing what?

Answer 9

increases ability to produce oxygen and VO2 max

Question 10

Cyclic AMP: cyclic 3’5’-adenosine monophosphate

Answer 10

important 2nd messenger to amp up cellular response

Question 11

How do you create a cellular response?

Answer 11

nonsteroid circulating hormone (1st messenger) binds to a receptor in plasma membrane…cyclic amp (2nd messenger) and this activates protein kinase –> target enzyme –> cellular response

Question 12

4 factors that determine plasma concentration of a hormone:

Answer 12

• amount synthesized in host gland
• rate of either catabolism or secretion into blood
• amount of transport protein present
• changes in plasma volume

Question 13

patterns of hormone release

Answer 13

as needed; in intervals during 24 hours or monthly cycles, etc

Question 14

promotes cell division and cellular proliferation throughout the body

Answer 14

growth hormone (GH)

Question 15

GH facilitates protein synthesis by:

Answer 15

increasing amino acid transport and stimulating RNA formation

Question 16

slows carbohydrate breakdown and initiates mobilization and use of fat for energy

Answer 16

GH (growth hormone)

Question 17

indirect actions of GH does what?

Answer 17

promote anabolism and goes to liver and other organs

Question 18

direct actions of GH does what?

Answer 18

anti-insulin effect; reduces glucose uptake to maintain blood sugar level and goes to adipose tissue

Question 19

What does ACTH regulate?

Answer 19

adrenal cortex output

• helps maximize fuel source for exercise

Question 20

enhances FFA mobilization from adipose tissue
increases gluconeogenesis
stimulates protein catabolism

Answer 20

how ACTH regulates

Question 21

What does prolactin do?

Answer 21

initiates and supports milk secretion from mammary glands in females

Question 22

PRL levels _________ with intense exercise and return toward baseline within 45 min in recovery

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

Repeated exercise-induced PRL for women release may ? and contribute to menstrual cycle alterations with intense training for women who do competitions

Answer 23

inhibit ovarian function

Question 24

Stores antidiuretic hormone ADH: aka vasopressin and oxytocin

Answer 24

posterior pituitary hormone

Question 25

ADH does what by the kidneys?

Answer 25

inhibits water excretion

Question 26

Thyroxine

Answer 26

T4

Question 27

Triiodothyronine

Answer 27

T3

Question 28

secretion raises metabolism except in brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland

Answer 28

T4

Question 29

release facilitates neural reflex activity

Answer 29

T3

Question 30

low T4 levels cause

Answer 30

sluggishness

Question 31

Exercise increases levels of T3 and T4 doing what

Answer 31

speeding up metabolism

Question 32

Regular physical activity ? reproductive hormone responses in women and men

Answer 32

depresses

Question 33

Women with history of intense physical activity | have ? FSH and LH levels which may contribute to menstrual dysfunction

Answer 33

altered

Question 34

two main structures of adrenal glands

Answer 34

medulla and cortex

Question 35

Enhances sympathetic effects by secreting epinephrine + norepinephrine

Answer 35

medulla

Question 36

secretes adrenocortical hormones | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

Answer 36

cortex

Question 37

stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis so this increases glucose availability and helps with fat breakdown

Answer 37

epinephrine

Question 38

provides powerful lipolytic stimulation in adipose tissue

Answer 38

norepinephrine

Question 39

norepinephrine goes where?

Answer 39

liver for glucose

Question 40

epinephrine goes where?

Answer 40

adipose tissue for fatty acids and muscle to block glucose entry

Question 41

Increased sympathetic activity during physical activity ? kidney blood flow and this is known as?

Answer 41

constricts; renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 42

? blood flow stimulates kidney release of ?

Answer 42

reduced; renin

Question 43

Increased renin stimulates production of ?

Answer 43

angiotensin II and III

Question 44

causes kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium to conserve water

Answer 44

aldosterone

Question 45

What does angiotensin II and III do?

Answer 45

constricts arteries and secretes aldosterone

Question 46

angiotensins are powerful ?

Answer 46

vasoconstrictors!!!!!!!!

Question 47

a major glucocorticoid

Answer 47

cortisol

Question 48

Promotes breakdown of protein to amino acids

Answer 48

cortisol

Question 49

inhibits glucose uptake

Answer 49

cortisol

Question 50

promotes fat breakdown to glycerol and acids in fat tissue to optimize fuel mix

Answer 50

cortisol

Question 51

normally released in response to a stress like exercise

Answer 51

cortisol

Question 52

this is immunosuppresive

Answer 52

cortisol

Question 53

what do opioids do?

Answer 53

"exercise high"

Question 54

what does endorphin secretion do?

Answer 54

increases pain tolerance improves appetite control reduces depression, anger, anxiety, tension

Question 55

With ?, ingesting 1 L/hr of a carbohydrate-rich drink reduces negative changes in immune function

Answer 55

prolonged intense activity

Question 56

ADH helps you retain more what? Why is this important?

Answer 56

salt and fluids; since you have more water now, this increases SV and CO

Question 57

endurance raining improves ?

Answer 57

target tissue sensitivity | efficient response

Question 58

Risk of URTI with different levels of intensity?

Answer 58

sedentary= average risk of URTI moderate intensity= below average very high intensity= above average