Flashcards in endocrine system Deck (40)
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1
Endocrine System
- Organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- Controls the function of other target organs
- Long distance communication
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Primary Endocrine Organs
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary
3. Pineal
4. Thyroid and Parathyroid
5. Thymus
6. Adrenal Gland
7. Pancreas
8. Testes and Ovaries
3
Hypothalamus Structure
Structure: neural secretory cells and nuclei that connect to the pituitary gland
4
Hypothalamus function
controls release of pituitary hormones
5
neural secretory cells
neurons that secrete hormones at axon terminal
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hypothalamus secretes
releasing and inhibiting tropic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland
7
tropic hormones
secreted from one gland, causes another gland to secrete
8
hypothalamus connections
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
9
Hypothalamus
Structure: neural secretory cells and nuclei that connect to the pituitary gland
neural secretory cells: neurons that secrete hormones at axon terminal
function: controls release of pituitary hormones
secretes: releasing and inhibiting tropic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland
tropic hormones: secreted from one gland, causes another gland to secrete
10
hypothalamus - posterior pituitary connection
1. neurons in hypothalamus synthesizes and secretes hormones
-supraoptic nucleus: oxytocin
-paraventricular nucleus: antidiuretic hormone
2. hormones stored in terminal vesicles in posterior pituitary
3. when stimulated, vesicles release hormones in capillary beds of posterior pituitary
11
hypothalamus - anterior pituitary connection
-portal system-
1. stimulated neurosecretory cells release hormones in 1st capillary bed
2. 1st capillary bed - portal vein - 2nd capillary bed
3. hormones exit capillaries - stimulate AP endocrine cells
4. AP endocrine cells secrete hormones in capillaries
12
pituitary gland
posterior
anterior
13
posterior pituitary gland structure
neural tissue (axon terminals) from hypothalamus
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posterior pituitary gland secretes
1. Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin
targets: kidneys
results: increase water reabsorption
2. Oxytocin
targets: uterus and breasts
results: uterine contraction and milk expulsion
15
anterior pituitary gland structure
epithelial tissue
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anterior pituitary gland secretes
1. prolactin
2. thyroid stimulating hormone
3. adrenocorticotropic hormone
4. growth hormone
5. luteinizing hormone
6. follicle stimulating hormone
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prolactin
prolactin- controlled by hypothalamus
prolactin releasing hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
acts on breasts
results: milk secretion and mammary gland development
18
thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH-controlled by hypothalamus
thyrotropin releasing hormone causes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone
acts on thyroid gland
results: release thyroid hormones -- metabolism
19
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH-controlled by hypothalamus
corticotropin releasing hormone
acts on adrenal gland
results: glucocorticoids--stress response
20
growth hormone
GH- controlled by hypothalamus
growth hormone releasing hormone
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
acts on liver and cells
results: releases insulin like growth factors (liver)
signals growth and metabolism (cells)
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another name for growth hormone inhibiting hormone GHIH
somatostatin
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another name for antidiuretic hormone ADH
vasopressin
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luteinizing hormone
LH-controlled by hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone
acts on ovaries and testes
results: ovulation, secretion of sex hormones
24
follicle stimulating hormone
FH - controlled by hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone
acts on ovaries and testes
results: development of egg and sperm
25
pineal gland
structure: epithelial tissue in brain
secretes: melatonin
results: regulate circadian rhythms
26
thyroid
structure: butterfly structure, ventral surface of trachea
secretes: tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine T3) - increase metabolism
calcitonin - lowers calcium levels, deposition in bone
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parathyroid
structure: 4 small glands behind thyroid
secretes: parathyroid hormone
results: increase calcium levels
28
thymus
structure: two lobed gland in front of heart
secretes: thymosin
result: T Cell functional regulation
29
adrenal gland
structure: multilayered glands above the kidneys (suprarenal)
cortex
medulla
30
cortex-
what does cortex mean?
what does it secrete? what are the results?
outer layer
secretes:
mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
androgens
results:
-stimulate Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion in kidneys
-catabolism of fats and proteins, raises blood glucose, stress response
-promotes sex drive
31
medulla-
the meaning?
what does it secrete?
results?
inner core
secretes: epinephrine and norepinephrine
results: increased heart rate, mobilization of energy sources
32
pancreas structure
structure: exocrine and endocrine glands below stomach
exocrine cells-acinar cells
endocrine cells-islets of langerhans
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exocrine cells function
secrete enzymes to GI tract
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endocrine cells
alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
F cells
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-alpha cells-
secretes?
results?
alpha cells
secrete: glucagon
results: raises blood glucose
-- glycogenolysis
-- gluconeogenesis
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-beta cells-
secretes?
results?
beta cells
secrete: insulin
results: lowers blood glucose/ promotes energy storage
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-delta cells-
secretes?
results?
delta cells
secrete: somatostatin
results: inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormone
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-F Cells-
secrete?
results?
F cells
secrete: pancreatic polypeptide
results: inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions
39
Testes
secrete, results
testes: males
secrete: androgens
result: sperm production, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics
40