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From Flashcardlet > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

Endocrine glands are ________ glands.

A

ductless

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1
Q

The endocrine system secretes _______.

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Endocrine glands secrete their molecular products (hormones) into the _________.

A

bloodstream

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3
Q

All endocrine organs have extensive distribution of many ________ ________.

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

The endocrine system and the nervous system both function to communicate signals throughout the body to bring about ________.

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

State of dynamic constancy

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6
Q

Endocrine glands produce informational molecules called ________.

A

hormones

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7
Q

Hormones can only affect cells (target cells) or organs (target organs) the have __________ for a specific hormone.

A

receptors

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8
Q

Are cells and organs that do not have specific receptors for hormones affected by them?

A

no

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9
Q

What are the three major classes of hormone based on chemical structure?

A
  1. Peptide hormones
  2. Steroid hormones
  3. Biogenic amines
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10
Q

Describe peptide hormones.

A

Chain of amino acids with a peptide bond. They bind with receptors on a target cell. These are the most common type of hormone.

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11
Q

Describe steroid hormones.

A

Lipid based, derived from cholesterol, can diffuse across cell membranes. Receptors are inside the cell.

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12
Q

Describe biogenic amines.

A

Small molecules made from altering amino acids, some bind to receptors on cell surface, some inside cells.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism by which hormone secretion is regulated called?

A

feedback loop

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14
Q

Define positive and negetive feedback. Which is most common?

A

Negative feedback loop: a stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off.

Positive feedback loop: accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to turn or speed up its activities.

Negative feedback loops are most common.

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15
Q

What is the interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

the hypothalamus

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16
Q

The hypothalamus is also called the ________ _________ of the endocrine system.

A

master gland

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17
Q

What are the three ways in which the hypothalamus controls most endocrine activity?

A
  1. Releases regulatory hormones that quickly reach the anterior pituitary gland
  2. Produces and transports hormones to the posterior pituitary gland for storage
  3. Controls the stimulation and secretion activities of the adrenal medulla (via SNS)
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18
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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19
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Just inferior to the hypothalamus

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20
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

Via the infundibulum

21
Q

What are the hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland regulated by?

A

The regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus.

22
Q

The regulatory hormones travel through a blood vessel network called the ____________.

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

23
Q

What are the seven major hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. Prolactin (PRL)
  3. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
  4. Growth hormone (GH, aka somatotropin)
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  6. Lutenizing hormone (LH)
  7. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
24
Q

What does TSH act on?

A

Stimulates the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.

25
Q

What does PRL act on?

A

Regulates mammary gland growth and milk production.

26
Q

What does ACTH act on?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its own hormones.

27
Q

What does GH act on?

A

Cell growth, cell division, especially in skeletal and muscle systems.

28
Q

What does FSH act on?

A

gonads

29
Q

What does LH act on?

A

gonads

30
Q

What does MSH act on?

A

melanocytes

31
Q

What is the neural connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary called?

A

hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract

32
Q

What are the two hormones that are made in the hypothalamus and released from axons in the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Antidiuretic (ADH)

33
Q

Describe oxytocin.

A

Positive feedback loop; responsible for uterine contractions and milk ejection from the mammary gland.

34
Q

Describe the functions of antidiuretic (ADH).

A

Negative feedback loop; monitors salt and water in the blood.

35
Q

What is the largest gland devoted to endocrine activity?

A

The thyroid gland

36
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid follicle

37
Q

What is a thyroid follicle comprised of?

A

A simple cuboidal cell that produces thyroglobulin (TGB) that is stored internally as a colloid.

38
Q

Describe how TSH releases Thyroid hormone.

A

Follicular cell makes TGB&raquo_space; binds with iodine&raquo_space; TSH tells follicular cell to take back TGB & iodine&raquo_space; becomes thyroid hormone

39
Q

What is colloid?

A

Viscous protein rich fluid housed in the lumen of a follicular cell.

40
Q

What are parafollicular cells?

A

Large endocrine cells located between thyroid follicles that secrete calcitonin.

41
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Acts to reduce blood calcium level and encourage deposition of calcium in bone.

42
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A

Small glands (usually four) embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

*Chief cells (principal cells) secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) that helps regulate serum calcium

43
Q

What are adrenal glands?

A

Paired glands anchored on the superior border of the two kidneys. Each are divided into an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla.

44
Q

What are the primary cells of the adrenal medulla? What do they secrete? Are they activated by a tropic hormone?

A

Chromaffin cells; norepinephrine and epinephrine; activated by the sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

both

46
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acini (98-99%) and pancreatic islets (1-2%)

47
Q

What is the funciton of pancreatic islets?

A

To regulate blood glucose

48
Q

What are the four types of endocrine cells that comprise the pancreatic islets and what does each secrete?

A
  1. Alpha cells - glucogen
  2. Beta cells - insulin
  3. Delta cells - somatostatin
  4. F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
49
Q

What are the targets of each of the four pancreatic islet hormones? What are the major effects of glucogen and insulin?

A
  1. Glucogen - liver and fat cells (odipocytes)
  2. Insulin - liver and body cells
  3. Somatostatin - alpha and beta cells of pancreatic islets
  4. Pancreatic polypeptides - delta cells of pancreatic islets
50
Q

Describe the location of the pineal gland. What does it secrete? What are the effects of the hormone?

A

Located in the posterior region of the epithalamus; secretes melatonin; maintains the 24 hour circadian cycle and sexual maturation.

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