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Endocrinology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of steroid hormones?

A
  • Adrenal hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids)

- Sex hormones (androgens, estrogens, progestogens)

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2
Q

What are the cholesterol derivates?

A

bile acids, vit D, steroid hormones (sex steroids, adrenal steroids)

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3
Q

What are the hormones that derivate from eicosanoids (20-C poly-unsaturated fatty acids)?

A

arachidonic acid (eicosanoid) is derivated to prostaglandins, leukotrienes and prostacyclins

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4
Q

I play a role in reproduction and inflammatory response

A

prostaglandins

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5
Q

What are GnRH, Oxytocin, TRH?

A

small peptide hormones

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6
Q

What are the differences between arginine vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

AA dif at positions 3 + 8
Vasopressin = water retention + vasoconstriction
Oxytocin = milk ejection + labor

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7
Q

What are examples of long polypeptide hormones?

A

GH and insulin

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8
Q

What are examples of AA hormones?

A

thyroid hormones (T3, T4) + adrenal medulla (epinephrine = from tyrosine, norepinephrine, dopamine)

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9
Q

Mass of secretory cells is called _____

A

Parenchyma

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10
Q

Endocrine hormones can be transient like ____

A

Ovarian follicles + placenta

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11
Q

What organelles are more present for peptide hormones?

A

rough ER bc of translation, smooth ER for steroid hormones

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12
Q

What are the steps in steroid hormones synthesizing?

A
  1. cholesterol stored in cytosol in lipid droplets
  2. cleavage of side chain in mitochondria = pregnenolone
  3. exported out of mitochondria into smooth ER
  4. transformation into hormone
  5. excreted out of cell (no vesicles bc lipophilic)
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13
Q

what can trigger hormone production?

A
  • neural input
  • hormonal stimulation/inhibition
  • metabolic status
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14
Q

What is Addison Disease?

A

lack of cortisol and aldosterone = no -ve feedback on ACTH of pituitary gland = +++ production of ACTH in combination with melanocyte-stimulating hormone = +++ melanin = darkening of skin

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15
Q

What are the parts of the basic structure of a receptor?

A
  • ectodomain (NH2 end)
  • hydrophobic transmembrane domain (alpha helix)
  • cytoplasmic domain (COOH end)
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16
Q

How hyperthyroidism is caused in Grave’s Disease?

A

TSH receptor’s ectodomain is cleaved off and stimulates antibodies production. Those antibodies act like TSH and bind to the receptors.

17
Q

Which AAs at the cytoplasmic domain are responsible for phosphorylation of proteins?

A
  • tyrosine
  • serine
  • threonine
18
Q

What are the Ga subunits?

A 
Gsa = activates adenylate cyclase
Gia = inhibits adenylate cyclase
Gqa = activates PLC
Goa = activates ion channels
G12/13a = regulates actin cytoskeleton (changes in cell shape)
19
Q

TRUE or FALSE?

Hormones may use more than one G-protein?

A

True

20
Q

What factors can affect the use of G-proteins?

A
  • development
  • hormone concentration
  • tissue
21
Q

What are the 3 steps after insulin binding?

A
  1. autophosphorylation of intracellulaire domain of receptor
  2. docking + phosphorylation of IRS-1 and 2 (insulin receptor substrate)
  3. activation of 2 major signal pathways (MAPK + PIP3)
22
Q

What are the steps to MAPK pathway?

A
  1. insulin bonds to receptor
  2. phosphorylation of tyr
  3. phosphorylation of IRS-1
  4. binds to Grb2
  5. recruitment of Ras + Raf-1
  6. MEK
  7. ERK
  8. transcription factors activated
23
Q

What are the steps to PIP3 pathway?

A
  1. IRS-1 phosphorylates PI3K
  2. PIP2 -> PIP3
  3. Activation of PKB -> activation of glut4
  4. inactivation of GSK3
  5. Glycogen synthase active
24
Q

What are the steps to jak-stat pathway?

A
  1. bonding to receptor => dimerization and recruitment of JAK
  2. cross-phosphorylation of JAK
  3. JAK phosphorylates receptor
  4. recruitment of STAT
  5. JAK phosphorylates STAT
  6. STATs dissociate and dimerize
  7. STATs move to nucleus and bind to DNA
25
Q

I bound to intracellular receptors. Who am I?

A

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

26
Q

What are three important nuclear receptor domains?

A 
Nuclear localization signal (NLS)
DNA binding (DBD)
Ligand binding domain (LBD)
27
Q

What are the steps of ChIP sequencing?

A
  1. Protein bound to DNA
  2. Fixing the bound
  3. Fraction of DNA to keep only bound-DNA
  4. Antibody bind to the protein of interest
  5. Purify DNA
  6. Sequencing
28
Q

What is the structure of nuclear receptors?

A

steroid hormones = AGAACA sequence in opposite direction, homodimer
nuclear hormones = AGGTCA in same direction (heterodimer)

29
Q

Which pathways does insulin trigger?

A

MAPK and PIP3

Endocrinology (9 decks)

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