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Endocrinology > Hypothalamus-Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

How is the pituitary formed?

A

Rathke’s pouch of the oral cavity becomes anterior pituitary and neuroectoderm of the bottom floor of the third ventricle forms the posterior pituitary.

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2
Q

What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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3
Q

What is the link between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A
  1. neurons from the hypothalamus release hypophysiotropic hormones
  2. hormones travel through the median eminence in portal veins and reach the capillary system
  3. production of anterior pituitary hormone
  4. retrograde of blood flow = -ve feedback on the hypothalamus
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4
Q

What are the different types of hypothalamus neurons?

A
  1. magnicellular neurons (posterior pituitary)
  2. parvicellular neurons (releasing factors into anterior pituitary)
  3. hypothalamic neurons
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5
Q

What are the important hormones from anterior pituitary?

A

CRH, TRH, AVP

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6
Q

Where are sends the signals from the hypothalamus?

A
  • pituitary glands
  • cerebral cortex
  • motor/premotor neurons of brain and spinal cord
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
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7
Q

What are the hypothalamic nuclei producing mainly oxytocin and AVP?

A

supraoptic and paraventricular

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8
Q

what are the cell types present in the anterior pituitary?

A
  • gonadotroph => LH, FSH
  • corticotroph => ACTH, b-lipotropin
  • thyrotroph => TSH
  • somatotroph => GH
  • lactotroph => PRL
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9
Q

what cells are bright red when reacting with an acidic dye?

A

acidophils:

  • lactotrophs
  • somatotrophs
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10
Q

what are the hormones that act on Gi-alpha?

A

somatostatin (GH) and dopamine

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11
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland and how is it regulated?

A

the pineal gland is responsible for the production of melatonin. it is regulated by the light received by photoreceptors of the retina. the signal goes to the SCN (clock). norepinephrine is released and binds to B-adrenergic receptors of pineal gland.

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12
Q

where are situated melatonin receptors?

A

almost everywhere in the body

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13
Q

Which hormones are made of two glycoprotein chains and what do they have in common?

A

TSH, FSH, LH

alpha chain

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14
Q

In which life stage GH production is the most elevated?

A

fetus + adolescent

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15
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

region of the bone between epiphysis and diaphysis where GH and IGF-1 acts and trigger proliferation and differentiation of bone cells = calcification

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16
Q

What are the differences between IGF-I and IGF-II?

A

IGF-I is GH dependent and in the liver, whereas IGF-II is not dependent on GH and is important in fetal development

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

High [IGF-I] results in more growth.

A

FALSE

bc target cells produce proteases that beaks IGF_BP from IGF-1 apart

18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

IGFs remain constant even if GH levels fluctuate.

A

TRUE

19
Q

What regulates the secretion of GH?

A

GHRH and somatostatin (inhibitory factor) from the hypothalamus

20
Q

What two hormones are responsible for the initiation and maintenance of milk secretion?

A

PRL and cortisol

21
Q

Which form of PRL is the most active?

A

monomeric

22
Q

What is the effect of dopamine on PRL?

A

negative => + dopamine = - PRL

PRL has a -ve feedback on dopamine

23
Q

What are the mechanisms of PRL receptors?

A
  1. ligand-dependent dimerization = ligand needs to bind for dimerization and phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT
  2. lingand-independent dimerization
24
Q

On which cells PRL acts?

A

alveolar epithelial cells of

25
Q

On which cells oxytocin acts?

A

contraction of myoepithelial cells to eject milk from the alveoli

26
Q

What are the hormones responsible for alveolar growth?

A

Progesterone, estrogen, adrenal steroids, PRL

27
Q

What are the functions or PRL?

A
  • milk production
  • acts on gonadotrophs (presence of receptors) = amenorrhea
  • immunomodulation => B + T lymphocytes and macrophages
  • stimulates mitosis
28
Q

What is the precursor of ACTH?

A

large peptide hormone POMC

29
Q

Explain the molecular pathway of tanning.

A
  1. UV damage stimulates keratinocytes to produce MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
  2. melanocytes produce melanin
  3. melanin back to keratinocytes to reduce UV damage.
30
Q

How does ACTH act on adrenal glands?

A
  1. binds to receptor
  2. activates Gsa
  3. mobilization of cholesterol into mitochondria
  4. conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
31
Q

How’s ACTH regulated?

A

by hypothalamic hormone CRH
peak around early morning then it decreases
CRH

32
Q

Draw the feedback mechanism of TSH

A

GO

33
Q

What are the roles of FSH in males and females?

A 
♂ = stimulation of spermatogenesis + production of sex hormone binding globulin
♀ = dev ovarian follicles + estradiol production
both = secretion of inhibin = FSH -ve feedback
34
Q

What are the roles of LH in males and females?

A 
♂ = Leydig cells testosterone production
♀ = ovulation, luteinisation, sterodiogeneis in follicles
35
Q

Go see slide 84

A

GO

36
Q

What is the difference btw gigantism and acromegaly?

A

both hypersecretion of GH
gigantism = high GH during growth phase
acromegaly = high GH after growth in adults

37
Q

What are the symptoms of adenomas?

A

droopy eyes, double vision, altered facial sensations, visual field defects

38
Q

Melatonin is made from what?

A

tryptophan

39
Q

What are hCS-A,B,V and L?

A

human chorionic somatotropin secreted by the placenta to induce changes in the mother’s body supporting pregnancy

40
Q

True or False

somatostatin inhibits GH synthesis

A

FALSE

it inhibits GH secretion

Endocrinology (9 decks)

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