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A&P 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Releases both stimulatory and inhibitory hormones.

Regulates the Anterior pituitary gland.

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2
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  1. Antidiuretic (ADH) - water reabsorption by kidneys

2. Oxytocin - contraction of uterus and milk flow

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3
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating (TSH)
  2. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - stimulates adrenal cortex
  3. Gonadotropic - produce sex hormones
  4. Prolactin (PL) - milk production
  5. Growth (GH) - bone growth, protein synthesis, cell division
  6. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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4
Q

Thyroid

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4) - increase metabolic rate and regulate growth/development
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3) - increase metabolic rate and regulate growth/development
  3. Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium levels
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5
Q

Parathyroids

A
  1. PTH - increases blood calcium levels
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6
Q

Thymus

A
  1. Thymosins - production and maturation of T lymphocytes
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7
Q

Pancreas

A
  1. Insulin - lowers blood glucose levels; makes glucose into glycogen
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8
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  1. Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - increases blood glucose levels; stimulates breakdown of protein
  2. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - reabsorption of Na and excretion of K
  3. Sex hormones - reproductive organs and bring about sex characteristics
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9
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  1. Epinephrine - active in emergency situations; increase blood glucose levels
  2. Norepinephrine - active in emergency situations; increase blood glucose levels
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10
Q

Ovaries

A
  1. Estrogen

2. Progesterone

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11
Q

Testes

A
  1. Androgens (testosterone)
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12
Q

T or F: The endocrine system is one of two body systems responsible for regulating body functions.

A

True. The other system is the nervous system.

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13
Q

What specific type of hormone acts on the same cell type in the same tissue?

A

Autocrine… regulates the same cell type. “self” regulating

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14
Q

What specific type of hormone acts on a different cell type in the same tissue or local area of the body?

A

Paracrine

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15
Q

What specific type of hormone is released into the external environment (i.e. air) to have an effect on other individuals?

A

Pheromone: volatile/odorous

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16
Q

What specific type of hormone travels through the blood stream to affect a target cell ina different locatio?

A

Endocrine

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17
Q

Which of the following molecules are not types of hormones?

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Identify the answer below that does not describe a process of hormone secretion rate (regulation).

control of an endocrine gland by the cerebrum

action of a specific substance (not a hormone) on an endocrine gland

control of an endocrine gland by the autonomic nervous system

control of one endocrine gland by another endocrine gland or hormone

A

1

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19
Q

T or F: All feedback in the endocrine system is negative.

A

False

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20
Q

Identify which of the following processes is not a natural process for removing hormones from the blood.

ventilation

metabolism

excretion

active transport

conjugation in the liver

A

1

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21
Q

T or F: Receptors for hormones can be found either on the outside of the plasma cell membrane or inside the cell (i.e. intracellular).

A

True

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22
Q

T or F: Hormones, like enzymes, exhibit specificity for their target receptors.

A

True

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23
Q

T or F: Some hormones require protein carriers when they are transported through the blood stream.

A

True

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24
Q

T or F: Up-regulation, defined as increasing the sensitivity of a target cell to a specific hormone, occurs due to a physical increase in the number of available receptors on the target cell.

A

True

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25
T or F: All hormones are water-soluble since they have to travel in the blood.
False
26
Identify the phrase that is defined as the time it takes for the original (or previous) concentration of a hormone to decrease by 50%. half-life metabolic pathway end-point physiological concentration pharmacological concentration
1
27
Where is the hormone melatonin produced?
Pineal gland
28
Where is calcitonin produced?
Thyroid gland
29
Where is PTH produced?
Parathyroid gland
30
Where is GH releasing hormone produced?
Hypothalamus
31
Where is ADH/vasopressin produced?
Hypothalamus
32
Where is prolactin produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
33
Where is ACTH produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
34
Where is GH (somatotropin) produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
35
Where is prolactin inhibiting hormone produced?
Hypothalamus
36
Where is oxytocin produced?
Hypothalamus
37
Where is insulin produced?
Pancreas
38
Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?
Adrenal medulla
39
Where are T3 and T4 (thyroxine) produced?
Thyroid gland
40
Where are androgens (e.g. androstenedione) produced?
Adrenal cortex
41
Where are gonadotropins (LH and FSH) produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
42
Where are mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) produced?
Adrenal cortex
43
Where is glucagon produced?
Pancreas
44
Where is TSH produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
45
Where are glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) produced?
Adrenal cortex
46
Where is somatostatin produced?
Pancreas
47
T or F: The presence of a goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) is proof that the patient has a hypothyroid condition.
False
48
What hormone decreases the blood concentration of calcium?
Calcitonin
49
Which hormone increases the blood concentration of calcium?
PTH
50
What hormone decreases the blood concentration of glucose?
Insulin
51
What hormone increases the blood concentration of glucose?
Glucagon
52
T or F: The thyroid hormones (T3/T4) affect the basal metabolic rate by regulating the sodium/potassium pumps in the cell membrane.
True
53
T or F: The two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (ADH and oxytocin) are actually produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland prior to release (upon command by the hypothalamus).
True
54
What hormone is not uniquely a part of the reproductive system?
Somatostatin
55
What nutrient is required for the production of thyroxine (T3 and T4)?
Iodine
56
What tissue could not cause hypothyroidism if a lesion prevented normal function in that location?
Thyroid parafollicular cells. Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid can no longer produce thehormones needed to regulate metabolism, so the body slows down.
57
Which of the following is not a major type of plasma protein? hemoglobin albumins globulins fibrinogens
Hemoglobin is the protein in RBC's containing iron, giving the cells the red color.
58
Which of the following is present in plasma but no in serum? fibrinogens albumins hemoglobin globulins
Fibrinogens, because serum does not contain the clotting protein.
59
What is responsible for transporting both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hemoglobin
60
Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? mast cell erythrocyte thrombocyte neutrophil monocyte
Mast cell...
61
Identify the formed element in blood that is not an intact cell. thrombocyte erythrocyte neutrophil monocyte
Thrombocyte...platelets
62
Identify the formed element in blood that is a dying cell (i.e. has no nucleus or mitochondria and is incapable of mitosis. erythrocyte thrombocyte neutrophil monocyte
Erythrocyte (RBC)...
63
What is the suffix used to designate stem cells?
-blast...
64
Identify which of the following nutrients is not required for erythrocyte production. iodine iron vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) folic acid
Iodine...
65
Identify the hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production when blood oxygen levels remain below normal in the renal artery. erythropoietin melanocyte-stimulating hormone parathyroid hormone somatostatin
Erythropoietin...
66
Identify which of the following performs phagocytosis. neutrophils thrombocytes lymphocytes immunoglobulins
Neutrophils...
67
Identify which of the following are elevated with allergies and parasites. eosinophils neutrophils basophils lymphocytes monocytes
Eosinophils...
68
Identify which of the following become macrophages when they enter the tissues (i.e. leave the bloodstream). monocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes
Monocytes...
69
Identify which of the following cells are responsible for specific immunity by producing antibodies. lymphocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils monocytes
Lymphocytes...
70
What is the most commone type of leukocyte?
Neutrophils...
71
What is also called a PMN?
Neutrophils... and eosinophils and basophils...
72
What vitamin is required for normal blood coagulation (clotting)?
Vitamin K...
73
Identify which of the following protein fibers is present in a mature (fully formed) blood clot. fibrin fibrinogen collagen elastin
Fibrin...
74
T or F: Coagulation is the process of clot retraction and dissolution.
False...
75
T or F: Hematocrit (or PCV) is defined as the percentage of whole blood that is erythrocytes.
True...
76
T or F: Humans have only 2 blood group antigen types present on their red blood cells.
False... there are three blood group antigens.
77
T or F: The risk of erythroblastosis fetalis is present if the mother is Rh+.
False... only Rh- mom can make the Rh+ antibodies.
78
T or F: Erythroblastosis fetalis can only occur if a fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-.
True...
79
T or F: Someone with type A blood will also have anti-A antibodies in their plasma.
False...
80
T or F: The presence of agglutination when anti-B antibodies are added to whole blood indicates Type A blood.
False*
81
T or F: The universal recipient is a person with type AB- blood because they have no A, B, or Rh antigens on their erythrocytes.
False*
82
T or F: The universal donor is a person with Type O- blood because they have no A, B, or Rh antigens on their erythrocytes.
True...
83
T or F: A type and cross-match blood test (done correctly) will ensure that all blood types are compatible between two people before a whole blood transfusion is performed.
True*
84
T or F: A differential WBC count determines the numbers of all possible types of leukocytes and may aid a physician or veterinarian in making a diagnosis.
True...
85
T or F: The extrinsic clotting pathway begins in the tissues and the intrinsic pathway is intravascular but the end result of each pathway is essentially the same.
True...
86
T or F: The ability of platelets to stick together and to other cells or surfaces is important for the process of blood clotting but may increase the likelihood of a stroke or other cerebrovascular accident.
True

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